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Momodou
Denmark
11511 Posts |
 Posted - 19 Jun 2021 : 16:03:10
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GAMBIA-L Digest 63
Topics covered in this issue include:
1) Re: New Members -Reply
by YULBSORE@aol.com
2) Re: On-Line Observer
by Bahary <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
3) Re: What's happening???
by Bahary <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
4) Re: university faculty members.
by Gunjur@aol.com
5) Re: Rumours
by "PA-MAMBUNA O. BOJANG" <paomar@iglou.com>
6) Arbitrary detention
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
7) Higher Education Needs Massive Overhaul
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
8) Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
9) Regarding Professors for Gambia College
by oleary@arminco.com
10) Re: inquiring (Forwarding)
by ABDOU <at137@columbia.edu>
11) Re: university faculty members.
by gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
12) new member intro
by gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
13) Re: Education in The Gambia (update)
by gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
14) GambiaNet LOGO COMPETETION
by Isatou Secka <isatou@Glue.umd.edu>
15) new members
by gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
16) U.N. Raps Agency for Conference on Borrowed Funds
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
17) New member
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
18) Re: The Observer Online Survey (fwd)
by "M.T. WADDA" <cen6mtw@ECU-01.NOVELL.LEEDS.AC.UK>
19) New member intro.
by sheriff@imf128049.fzk.de
20) re: new members
by "Edrissa Jarju" <edjarju@usaid.gov>
21) Re: Rumours
by "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
22) re: new members
by "Edrissa Jarju" <edjarju@usaid.gov>
23) faculty to teach in Gambia
by Gunjur@aol.com
24) re: new members
by oleary@arminco.com
25) Re: The Observer Online Survey (fwd)
by Bahary Dukuray <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
26) Internet Explore 4.0 Preview
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
27) Introduction
by "Sirra Ndow" <sirra@hotmail.com>
28) Re: Introduction
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
29) RE: Introduction
by alfall@papl.com
30) new member introduction
by fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
31) CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
32) New members
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
33) Getting on to the demo page
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
34) Re: faculty to teach in Gambia
by Musa Sowe <chemsm@panther.Gsu.EDU>
35) Re: Introduction
by Gunjur@aol.com
36) Re: new member introduction ,Steven Fox
by Gunjur@aol.com
37) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
38) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by binta@iuj.ac.jp
39) Re: Getting on to the demo page
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
40) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
41) CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
42) Summer Jobs at Education Department
by "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
43) FW: Fwd: Ph.D. Research Opportunity - Conservation Biology
by "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
44) Survey on Support of Education in The Gambia
by Andrea Klumpp <klumpp@kar.dec.com>
45) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
46) Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
47) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
48) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
49) Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
by Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
50) Introduction - Part 2
by "Sirra Ndow" <sirra@hotmail.com>
51) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by binta@iuj.ac.jp
52) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by Gunjur@aol.com
53) Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
54) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
55) Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
by Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
56) Re: new member introduction ,Steven Fox
by Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
57) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
58) inquiries into Dr. Fox's research
by fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
59) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
60) Humourous Phone messages (fwd)
by ndeye marie njie <njie.1@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu>,
ndeye.marie.njie@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu
61) New member
by "A. Loum" <tloum@u.washington.edu>
62) Re: New member -Reply
by fatima phall <fphall1@gl.umbc.edu>
63) Re: Getting on to the demo page
by Francis Njie <francis_njie@il.us.swissbank.com>
64) New member -Reply
by Naffie Jammeh <nj368917@gwmail.kysu.edu>
65) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by Gunjur@aol.com
66) Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
by Abdou Gibba <Abdou.Gibba@smr.uib.no>
67) Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
by Abdou Gibba <Abdou.Gibba@smr.uib.no>
68) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by binta@iuj.ac.jp
69) Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by "Ba-Musa Ceesay" <Ba-Musa.Ceesay@Oslo.Norad.telemax.no>
70) Re:Gambia Education
by "Matarr M. Jeng." <mmjeng@image.dk>
71) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
72) Africa: NGO Statement to Denver Summit (fwd)
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
73) Re: Gambia Education
by Andrea Klumpp <klumpp@kar.dec.com>
74) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by binta@iuj.ac.jp
75) Re:Gambian Education.
by "Matarr M. Jeng." <mmjeng@image.dk>
76) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by "Alhagi Marong" <marong_a@LSA.Lan.McGill.CA>
77) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
78) HIV in Senegal and Gambia (was: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour)
by Andrea Klumpp <klumpp@kar.dec.com>
79)
by mmjeng@inform-bbs.dk (Matarr Jeng)
80) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
81) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by "Numukunda Darboe" <ndarboe@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
82) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by "Numukunda Darboe" <ndarboe@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
83) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
84) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
85) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
86) Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen. Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Senessie Turay <9210077@talabah.iiu.my>
87) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Gunjur@aol.com
88) Re: Survey on Support of Education in The Gambia
by Gunjur@aol.com
89) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
90) Fwd: Re: Politics This Week (April 4th - April 10th 1997)
by binta@iuj.ac.jp
91) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Abdou Gibba <Abdou.Gibba@smr.uib.no>
92) New members
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
93) OBSERVER ON-LINE ANNOUNCEMENT !!
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
94) Re: Need communication from Abdou.
by "N.JARJU" <CD6C6JNJ@swansea.ac.uk>
95) Research at Buiba
by fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
96) APA conference
by "Dr. S. G. Kamara" <73244.2701@CompuServe.COM>
97) gambian festival
by ABALM@aol.com
98) Re: APA conference
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
99) The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investmen
by mbaldeh@zenithtvl.com
100) Fwd:AFRICA-EDUCATION: University, a Virtual Reality
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
101) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
102) Arrest Warrant
by mmjeng@inform-bbs.dk (Matarr Jeng)
103) Re: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investment
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
104) Re: Arrest Warrant
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
105) Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by ABDOU <at137@columbia.edu>
106) Re: Research at Buiba
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
107) Re: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investmen
by Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
108) New Members
by sarian@osmosys.incog.com (Sarian Loum)
109) Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by MJagana@aol.com
110) Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
111) (Fwd) *** Dalasi ***
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
112) Re: (Fwd) *** Dalasi ***
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
113) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by "Famara A. Sanyang" <famaraas@amadeus.cmi.no>
114) Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by "Bahary Dukuray" <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
115) Re: Survey on Support of Education in The Gambia
by Gunjur@aol.com
116) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by Gunjur@aol.com
117) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by "Bahary Dukuray" <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
118) Re: gambian festival
by Gunjur@aol.com
119) Re: Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by Gunjur@aol.com
120) Re: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investmen
by Gunjur@aol.com
121) Fwd: Re: Fwd:AFRICA-EDUCATION: University, a Virtual Reality
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara), Gunjur@aol.com
122) Re: gambian festival
by momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
123) Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
124) Cheaper ways to call home/send money
by Gunjur@aol.com
125) RE:observer editorial-justice delayed is justice denied
by "ebrima drameh" <njogou@hotmail.com>
126) Re: Cheaper ways to call home/send money
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
127) Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
by "ebrima drameh" <njogou@hotmail.com>
128) Fwd:NIGERIA-POLITICS: Abacha's Cheer-leaders
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
129) Fwd: Beijing Followup #85
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
130) Re: observer editorial-justice delayed is justice denied
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
131) Re: Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
by BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
132) SENEGAL-POLITICS: France Takes Lead, Southern Rebellion Reheats
by momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
133) New member
by iscorr@total.net (Ebrima Sama Corr)
134) Mobuto's Last Day(s)....
by mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
135) Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
by Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Sun, 6 Apr 1997 04:15:33 -0400 (EDT)
From: YULBSORE@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: New Members -Reply
Message-ID: <970406041043_-1603533063@emout19.mail.aol.com>
Yes!!!! its Batch Jagne(Atlanta Ga). We have not heard from you lately,hope
everyting is A O k.We are all fine thank you.
LOV U and hope to hear from you soon.
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 06 Apr 1997 13:38:20 +0200
From: Bahary <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu,
GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washing.ton.edu>
Subject: Re: On-Line Observer
Message-ID: <199704061135.NAA17481@login.eunet.no>
Mime-version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable
----------
I just had a chance to look at the Observer on line and want to
congragulate
1the team who put it together. It is really great and I look forward to =
a
=00
=FE=FE=FE=91'daily' Observer.
1Sean O'Leary
=00
=FE=FE=FE=91USAID/Yerevan
Washington,DC
Home Phone:(3742)151371
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 06 Apr 1997 13:42:01 +0200
From: Bahary <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
To: binta@iuj.ac.jp,
GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washing.ton.edu>
Subject: Re: What's happening???
Message-ID: <199704061139.NAA17956@login.eunet.no>
Mime-version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit
----------
> From: binta@iuj.ac.jp
> To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
> Subject: Re: What's happening???
> Date: Sun, 6 Apr 1997 17:02:19 JST +900
>
> I think Liberia too has a lady President, although the circumstances
> are a bit different.
>
> Lamin Drammeh.
>
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 6 Apr 1997 23:27:10 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: university faculty members.
Message-ID: <970406232539_-1905005742@emout10.mail.aol.com>
Mr. Sowe,
Please give a little more info. about the teaching grant in Gambia. A friend
who is a college professor is interested but wants to know whats involved.
Thanks.
Jabou Joh
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 07 Apr 1997 00:17:30 -0400
From: "PA-MAMBUNA O. BOJANG" <paomar@iglou.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Rumours
Message-ID: <3348755A.5E24@iglou.com>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
OMAR,
THANKS FOR THE FEEDBACK. MAY ALLAH, THE OMNIPOTENT, BE PLEASED WITH
WUYEH'S SOUL.
omar wrote:
>
> The tragic death of this Gambian young man happened like a
> weeks ago.
> Wuyeh Manjang,"deceased" son of Alhagie Bora Manjang was
> tragicly stapped to his death in Virginia by a black American.
> >From saurces,Wuyeh,in his early twenty went to visite a Ghanian friend
> at his Apt.On arrival at his Ghanian friend's house,he found his friend
> stapped
> to death.The killer was still in the house when he got there.
> The killer dosn't want to leave any eye withness alive.He chased after
> Wuyeh
> who took off running to his car.By the time he got to his car it was too
> late,
> the killer has already got to him. He mercelessly stapped him too to death.
>
> The killer was later on apprehended by the police.
> The reason for killing the Ghanian was not known yet.
> The body was sent to The Gambia for funeral services.
>
> MAY HIS SOUL REST IN PERFECT PEACE.
>
> Bless you all
>
> Omar Manjang
>
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 07 Apr 1997 01:29:55 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: Gambia-L <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Arbitrary detention
Message-ID: <33488652.2778@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
The following is an excerpt from United Nations Press Release HR/CN/780
dated 2 April 19997 that might be of some interest to you.
[...]
Rights of Persons Subjected to Detention or Imprisonment
The Commission this afternoon received reports from its Working Group on
Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances
(document E/CN.4/1997/34), and of its expert member on the Special
Process for Missing Persons in the former Yugoslavia (document
E/CN.4/1997/55); its Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (document
E/CN.4/1997/4 and Add. 1-3); its Special Rapporteur on the independence
of judges and lawyers (document E/CN.4/1997/32), and its Special
Rapporteur on torture (documents E/CN.4/1997/7 and Add. 1-3 and Corr.1).
[...]
In its report, the Working Group on arbitrary detention states that
during the period under review -- January to December 1996 -- it
transmitted 30 communications concerning 205 new cases of alleged
arbitrary detention involving the following countries (the number of
cases for each country is given in parenthesis): Albania (4), Bahrain
(59), Colombia (1), Ethiopia (1), France (1), Gambia (35), Indonesia
(22), Israel (1), Kuwait (1), Lebanon (2), Malaysia (9), Morocco (11),
Mexico (9), Nigeria (5), Peru (5), Republic of Korea (2), Russian
Federation (1), Syrian Arab Republic (22), Tunisia (1), Turkey (2),
United States (2), Venezuela (6), Viet Nam (1) and Zaire (2).
Out of the 24 Governments concerned, the following provided information
on all or some of the cases transmitted to them: Bahrain, Ethiopia,
Indonesia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Peru, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation,
Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Venezuela and Viet Nam. The Governments of
Albania, Colombia, Gambia, Israel and Nigeria did not provide the
Working Group with any reply concerning the cases submitted to them,
though the 90-day deadline had expired. With regard to the Governments
of France, Malaysia, Morocco, Mexico, Tunisia and the United States, the
90-day deadline had not yet expired when the report was adopted by the
Group on 6 December 1996.
A description of the cases transmitted and the contents of the
Governments' replies will be found in the relevant decisions adopted by
the Working Group (document E/CN.4/1997/4/Add.1). The report contains
some details of the 49 decisions adopted by the Working Group for the
period under review.
[...]
**************
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 07 Apr 1997 16:51:22 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Higher Education Needs Massive Overhaul
Message-ID: <3027554111.43365265@inform-bbs.dk>
---forwarded mail START---
Copyright 1997 InterPress Service, all rights reserved.
Worldwide distribution via the APC networks.
*** 03-Apr-97 ***
Title: AFRICA: Higher Education Needs Massive Overhaul, Experts Say
By Nana Rosine Ngangoue
DAKAR, Apr 3 (IPS) - Higher education in Africa needs a drastic
overhaul to bring it in line with the continent's socio-economic
environment and help its countries face up to globalisation,
according to experts here.
The need to transform African institutions of higher learning
has become all the more crucial now that information and
communication technologies are advancing at breakneck speed, added
participants at a Apr. 1-4 regional preparatory meeting for next
year's World Conference on Higher Education.
''Today, higher education in all countries needs a
transformation,'' said Frederico Mayor, Director-General of the UN
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), which
is organising next year's conference.
''It's imperative to adapt our institutions very quickly to
development,'' Mayor told the some 200 African academics,
politicians and students who attended the meeting.
Adding that universities had to move away from the principle of
teaching people to learn, he said they should be institutions
where people learn to be enterprising, to create jobs and not to
seek them.
The regional consultation was organised by UNESCO with a view
to contributing to the definition of a new higher-education
framework that links quality, relevance and international
cooperation.
''The question we have to ask ourselves is whether the
university is relevant enough to respond to the needs of the
population,'' said Dioro Ndiaye, a lecturer at the Cheick Anta
Diop University in Dakar. ''Is it capable of responding to the
demand for jobs? Can it interface with the demand for jobs?
''Unfortunately, we have noted that whenever the finished
products (the students) leave the university, they need a little
extra something to be competent,'' he added.
The consensus among the academics and researchers was that most
universities in African nations do not satisfy the expectations of
their populations.
The ills they mentioned included unequal access to institutions
of higher learning, programmes that are not geared towards meeting
countries' immediate needs, and lack of correlation between
university training and the job market.
Moreover, there is a high dropout rate throughout the education
system in Africa.
UNESCO figures show that out of every 100 African children who
enrol in the first year of primary school, 50 -- most of them
girls -- drop out before completing their primary education. Sixty
percent of the rest make it to secondary school and only two
percent go on to university.
According to some experts, the failings of higher education in
Africa are linked to past policies.
''For years, the same literacy systems and procedures have been
followed and have failed,'' said one participant. ''The aim was to
make Africans more literate, but the quality of the education
dispensed was not taken into account. Today the accent is no
longer on the mass dissemination of knowledge but on quality.''
Participants in the encounter noted that the issue of Africa's
universities cannot be seen in isolation from the worldwide trend
towards globalisation.
''Globalisation poses two problems in particular, competition
and cooperation,'' said Ousseynou Dia, Senegal's Director of
Higher Education. ''Our education has to be both competitive and
based on cooperation, which can only be possible if the knowledge
produced and disseminated is of good quality and relevant.''
This need for relevance led the experts to commit themselves to
ensuring that Africa's universities are not simple carbon copies
of Western ones. They noted that African institutions should no
longer be mere consumers of imported programmes but should also
produce more programmes adapted to their countries' realities.
They also pointed out that the fact that Africa has lagged
behind in the scientific fields has held back the modernisation of
higher education programmes.
''Few African countries have been participating in the debate
on mathematical and scientific knowledge,'' said Senegalese
academic Amidou Sall. ''We have to think up mechanisms that foster
the development of science and technology, and which enable us to
harness them so that we can develop.''
However, universities in Africa have been affected by the
economic recession many of the continent's countries are going
through and by reforms touted as the path to economic wellbeing.
Higher education is one of the sectors worst affected when
structural adjustment programmes are implemented, said
S.K.Syamugaye, Zambia's Education Minister, who added that
international donors were partly to blame since ''they hesitate
and sometimes even refuse to finance higher education
programmes,'' preferring to support primary education.
''We have to be bold enough to condemn the international
donors,'' he added. ''It's a calculated and concerted action to
enslave the African populations.''
One way to upgrade higher education in Africa, participants
suggested, would be to create 'virtual' universities, centres at
which students are grouped for distance learning using modern
telecommunications, which would help reduce the overcrowding in
university facilities.
However, this would require South-South and North-South
cooperation, according to Sall. ''International cooperation will
have to be given a key place in the search for ways of ensuring
relevance,'' he said. ''Having countries specialise in given
fields, for example, would be a good thing.'' (END/IPS/NRN/KB/97)
Origin: Harare/AFRICA/
----
[c] 1997, InterPress Third World News Agency (IPS)
All rights reserved
May not be reproduced, reprinted or posted to any system or
service outside of the APC networks, without specific
permission from IPS. This limitation includes distribution
via Usenet News, bulletin board systems, mailing lists,
print media and broadcast. For information about cross-
posting, send a message to <online@ips.org>. For
information about print or broadcast reproduction please
contact the IPS coordinator at <online@ips.org>.
---forwarded mail END---
--- OffRoad 1.9s registered to Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 07 Apr 1997 17:03:54 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <824049630.43409822@inform-bbs.dk>
---forwarded mail START---
Copyright 1997 InterPress Service, all rights reserved.
Worldwide distribution via the APC networks.
*** 24-Mar-97 ***
Title: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour' Does not Always Equal AIDS
by David Hecht
DAKAR, Mar 24 (IPS) - Offering sex for money (solliciting) is
illegal in Senegal, but having sex for money is not. In this
mostly Muslim African country, a sex worker may ply her trade as
long as she is registered as a prostitute, has regular check-ups
at a designated clinic and is discreet.
Dakar, Senegal's capital, is one of the commercial sex capitals
of Africa, with prostitutes coming from all over the sub-region as
well as the Middle East. Why then does Senegal have one of the
lowest number of AIDS cases in Africa -- less than 3,000, in a
population of 8.3 million?
The World Health Organisation (WHO) says that legalising
prostitution is part of the reason.
Senegal's government has been registering sex workers since
1966 -- long before AIDS was ever heard of -- to combat sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) like Syphilis and Gonorrhoea.
Researchers agree that reducing STDs also reduces the rate of HIV
infection.
Each day, women crowd the clinic in downtown Dakar. ''If you
have yellow fever, if you have any little diseases they will tell
you,'' says a woman who gave her name as Sarah. ''Sometimes they
even give drugs for free. Otherwise you must buy them, or they
will not stamp your card.''
Registering does have its downsides. Sarah complains that
police can harass her whether or not her card is up to date. ''And
if you decide you no longer want to be a prostitute the de-
registration process is slow if not impossible,'' she says.
Still, it's worth it if the result is less AIDS. Problem is,
many experts are not convinced that registering is the reason.
Michael Tardy, who runs the Dakar clinic, admits that only
about a quarter of Dakar's professional prostitutes register.
''The rest work clandestine.'' Many women have sex for money in
this society, she says. ''Most don't recognise themselves as
prostitutes.''
Some experts still see a logic for why AIDS levels are low. El
Hadj Sy, co-ordinator of health programs for the NGO, Enda-Santi,
says 'informal' sex workers often have only a few clients who
become 'de facto' husbands.
At the same time, he points out that polygamy is common. Men
may legally marry up to four wives. ''None of these people get
check-ups, either,'' he says.
While Senegalese may have multiple partners, Sy denies that
means they are promiscuous. ''People have sex in clusters,'' he
says. Body fluids are only exchanged amongst a limited number of
people. ''In a polygamous household, if the man and his wives do
not sleep with other people there is no way to get infected,'' he
argues, adding that ''culture and religion are a strong social
control.''
Others are not so sure. For Kate Cisse Wane, head of the nation
program on AIDS, ''claims that because this is a Muslim country
people have sexual behaviour different from the sexual behaviour
of other African countries are questionable.''
Sex workers in the villages often travel to the big cities or
follow migrant workers, says Wane. ''They then have sex with many
men.'' As for polygamy, Wane notes that when married men are
searching for second or third wives they invariably ''try out''
lots of other women. And, she notes, ''Senegalese men are often
looking for second or third wives.''
So why then are only 70,000 serpositive people -- less than two
percent of the population -- in all of Senegal, while in nearby
Abidjan the level is 15 percent?
''We simple don't know,'' says Tardy. Most astonishingly, while
15 percent of the professional sex workers that come to the clinic
are infected with the HIV, that level has not increased since
1992.
There are still many theories. Soulyman Mboup, a professor at
Dakar university, has shown that the HIV 2 virus (which he
discovered) is common in Senegal -- it is both less virulent and
less contagious than HIV 1.
But there are also no clear answers as to why the type 2 virus
is common here when sex workers come from all over Africa and why
HIV 2 is common in other regions where AIDS levels are high.
Western experts continue to stress the importance of legalising
sex work. That way, they say, sex workers have been able to
develop a 'code of conduct' to ensure that their clients use
condoms. ''If you tell a man that you won't have sex without a
condom he can't just go to the next corner and find a sex worker
who will,'' says one sociologist.
Yet according to sex workers themselves, some Senegalese men
also insist on not using condoms. In a discussion group at the
clinic, women complained that they do not have the power to
enforce: ''The Senegalese men say 'I am not sick. Are you sick?...
Then why do we need it'?''
El Hadj Sy remains convinced that there are ''indigenous
strategies'' for minimising the risk of infection. Traditionally
in many parts of Senegal, when a man dies his brother marries the
widows and AIDS experts have long believed that when the death is
AIDS related the HIV virus is then automatically spread to the
brother and his first wives.
But according to Sy, village elders are becoming aware of this
risk. ''In some villages they have changed the practices so widows
must come and sit on the lap of their brother-in-law, but they no
longer have to marry or have sex with him,'' he says.
Still, Sy admits he doesn't know which are the strategies that
are most significant in keeping AIDS levels low. Next year a study
will be conducted in both Senegal and Uganda -- a country with one
of the highest incidents of AIDS. ''Hopefully then we will know
which factors count,'' he says. (END/IPS/DH/KB/97)
Origin: Harare/SENEGAL-POPULATION/
----
[c] 1997, InterPress Third World News Agency (IPS)
All rights reserved
May not be reproduced, reprinted or posted to any system or
service outside of the APC networks, without specific
permission from IPS. This limitation includes distribution
via Usenet News, bulletin board systems, mailing lists,
print media and broadcast. For information about cross-
posting, send a message to <online@ips.org>. For
information about print or broadcast reproduction please
contact the IPS coordinator at <online@ips.org>.
---forwarded mail END---
--- OffRoad 1.9s registered to Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 17:56:27 GMT
From: oleary@arminco.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Regarding Professors for Gambia College
Message-ID: <199704071756.RAA15580@arminco.com>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
I need "Musa's" e-mail address so I can get one Prof. of Psychology in touch
with him. Can someone send it to me right away...Thanks
MKJ
Sean O'Leary
USAID/Yerevan
Washington,DC
20520-7020
Home Phone:(3742)151371
E-mail address: oleary@arminco.com
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 15:50:15 -0400 (EDT)
From: ABDOU <at137@columbia.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: inquiring (Forwarding)
Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.95L.970407154917.16627B-100000@ciao.cc.columbia.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
To whom it may concern,
I received e-mail indicating that The Gambia College is looking for
professors to teach for a 3-5 month period of time. I am a psychology
professor who does work in Gambia during the summers and am very interested to
learn more about this possibility. The message said to contact Musa but there
was no specific address provided. If anybody out there knows how to contact
Musa please inform him of my interest. My name and address are as follows:
Dr. Steve Fox: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu Thanks
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 18:09:01 -0400
From: gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: university faculty members.
Message-ID: <199704072209.SAA01554@acc156.spelman.edu>
Musa:
I am interested in teaching at Gambia College. Please furnish more information.
I plan to go to The Gambia this summer.
I am an instructor of Physics at Spelman College.
Regards,
LatJor Ndow
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 18:18:28 -0400
From: gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: new member intro
Message-ID: <199704072218.SAA01558@acc156.spelman.edu>
Greetings:
I would like to introduce our newest member Dr. Derrick Hylton. He will introduce himself shortly.
Regards
LatJor
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 19:45:20 -0400
From: gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Education in The Gambia (update)
Message-ID: <199704072345.TAA02515@kenya.spelman.edu>
Greetings:
Please include me in the Education in The Gambia Project.
Regards,
LatJor
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 20:50:00 -0400 (EDT)
From: Isatou Secka <isatou@Glue.umd.edu>
To: Gambia_list <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: GambiaNet LOGO COMPETETION
Message-ID: <Pine.SOL.3.95.970407204824.12396B-100000@yen.isr.umd.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Dear members,
The Observer Committee has decided to hold a contest for the
GambiaNet (Official name of the Observer ONLINE) LOGO. To enter the
competition, please contact either
Isatou Secka (isatou@isr.umd.edu)
or
Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
for more information on how to submit your logo.
The BEST LOGO will be used for the Observer and the WINNER gets a 1 YEAR
FREE SUBSCRIPTION to the Observe ONLINE.
The Deadline for submission is April 21st 1997.
You may be as creative as you want!!!
GOOD LUCK !!
========================================================================
Isatou Secka (301) 441-9587 (H)
2248 AV Williams (301) 405-2971 (W)
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 1997 21:05:28 -0400
From: gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: new members
Message-ID: <199704080105.VAA02553@kenya.spelman.edu>
Greetings:
Abdou Bobb and Edi Jarju have been added to the group. Please send brief
intros. to the group.
Welcome.
LatJor
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 08 Apr 1997 11:09:02 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: U.N. Raps Agency for Conference on Borrowed Funds
Message-ID: <2043936766.47325337@inform-bbs.dk>
---forwarded mail START---
Copyright 1997 InterPress Service, all rights reserved.
Worldwide distribution via the APC networks.
*** 04-Apr-97 ***
Title: UNITED NATIONS: U.N. Raps Agency for Conference on Borrowed Funds
by Thalif Deen
UNITED NATIONS, Apr 4 (IPS) - The United Nations has faulted a
U.N. environmental agency for financing a mega-conference on human
settlements last year with borrowed funds.
The 185-member General Assembly Thursday passed strictures on
the U.N. Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) for ''diverting''
more than 900,000 dollars from one of its affiliated foundations
to the Habitat II conference held in Turkey.
The Jun. 3-14 conference was aimed at resolving some of the
housing-related problems facing developing nations.
The General Assembly expressed its ''deep concern'' over the
''serious irregular financial practices' of the Nairobi-based
UNCHS. The Assembly is seeking ''immediate corrective action''
from the U.N. Commission on Human Settlements, the governing body
of the UNCHS.
Just before the Istanbul conference, the United States had
challenged the decision of the Habitat secretariat to dip into its
housing fund to borrow 1.4 million dollars to pay for the intense
preparatory work leading to the conference.
But Wally N'Dow of Gambia, Secretary-General of Habitat II,
defended his action, arguing that he had done nothing irregular or
devious. ''We did this very openly and very transparently. All
concerned knew about it, including the donors,'' he said.
James Rubin, then spokesman for the U.S. Mission to the United
Nations, expressed strong reservations over the decision to
borrow.
''We do have serious questions about the financing and
accountability of activities in the centre in Nairobi and will
urge the U.N. Inspector General to audit and investigate those
activities,'' he said.
The General Assembly resolution on UNCHS was sparked by a report
of the U.N. Board of Auditors.
A spokesman for Habitat pointed out that the fund from which
the money was borrowed was not earmarked to build houses for the
poor. The fund financed the programme activities at the Habitat
headquarters and also financed technical assistance to improve
human settlements. The fund was supporting projects in 81
developing nations, he said.
When the General Assembly sanctioned the first U.N. conference
on human settlements in 1976, it voted seven million dollars for
the meeting. But when it voted for Habitat II 20 years later, it
voted for some 1.7 million dollars.
The Assembly also ''noted with serious concern'' that the Board
of Auditors had ''qualified its audit opinion'' on the financial
statements of several U.N. agencies, including the U.N.
Development Programme (UNDP), the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA),
the U.N. International Drug Control Programme, and the U.N.
Environment Programme (UNEP).
The Assembly urged the executive heads of the U.N. funds and
programmes to take steps to rectify existing financial anomalies
''in order to avoid another qualification during the next audit.''
The Board of Auditors found that eight out of 12 projects at
UNEP had suffered cost overruns and nine had time overruns because
of difficulties in identifying consultants.
The Assembly said it noted ''with grave concern the serious
problems'' identified in some of the construction projects of the
UNDP. Last month, the UNDP unearthed a six-million-dollar fraud in
a bungled 50-million-dollar U.N. project for the construction of
housing and common premises for several U.N. agencies in Asia and
Africa.
The fraud involved mostly overpayments resulting from
irregularities in contracting and numerous failures in the
organisation's financial controls and management oversight.
The countries where the offices and housing facilities were
being built include Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Zambia,
Uganda, Ghana, the Comoros, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and the
Maldives. UNDP Administrator Gus Speth said the conduct or
performance of 16 present and former UNDP staff members was at
issue. (end/ips/td/yjc/97)
Origin: Washington/UNITED NATIONS/
----
[c] 1997, InterPress Third World News Agency (IPS)
All rights reserved
May not be reproduced, reprinted or posted to any system or
service outside of the APC networks, without specific
permission from IPS. This limitation includes distribution
via Usenet News, bulletin board systems, mailing lists,
print media and broadcast. For information about cross-
posting, send a message to <online@ips.org>. For
information about print or broadcast reproduction please
contact the IPS coordinator at <online@ips.org>.
---forwarded mail END---
--- OffRoad 1.9s registered to Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 12:45:35 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New member
Message-ID: <19970408114648.AAA14100@LOCALNAME>
Gambia-l,
Steve Fox has been added to the list and as a custom, we
expect to have an introduction from him. Welcome to the Gambia-l
Steve, please send an introduction of yourself to the list.
Best regards
Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 12:09:29 GMT
From: "M.T. WADDA" <cen6mtw@ECU-01.NOVELL.LEEDS.AC.UK>
To: gambia-L@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: The Observer Online Survey (fwd)
Message-ID: <8919E34D27@ecu-01.novell.leeds.ac.uk>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi,
Here are my answers to your questions.
1- D
2- C
3- B
4- A
5- D
6- A
7- A
8- A
9- B
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 12:30:20 +0200 (MET DST)
From: sheriff@imf128049.fzk.de
To: Gambia-l@u.Washington.edu
Subject: New member intro.
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.3.95.970408121301.4695A-100000@imf128049.fzk.de>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Hi Members,
Mr.Sam Njie(Njie.Sam@commonwealth.inl) and Ms.Cecili Thomas(Cecilia
Thomas96183068@brookj.ac.uk) has been added to the list and as a custom,we
expect to have an intro.from them.Welcome to the Gambia-l,please send an
introduction of yourselves to the list.
Regards
Master.
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 97 3:41:13 CET
From: "Edrissa Jarju" <edjarju@usaid.gov>
To: <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: re: new members
Message-ID: <vines.NF59+dnXGnB@BASA14037.usaid.gov>
Greetings yourself!!! how are ya?? Yes I wondered what happened to you.
Bosnia has some of the most beautiful women in Europe. Tall with mix
features, given there historical contacts, (with the Austrians, Hungarians,
and the Turks) all these peoples have left their marks, producing some of
the most bautiful features in their females. Rarely do you see a fat woman
here.. maybe it has something to do w/the hilly landscape... and the fact
that people walk a lot. But to answer your question... YES am afraid I am,
though am married, but hard to resist the temptations of the succulent
bodies.. the sin of the flesh!!! Alpha sent me some pretty neat rubbers!
Enough of that now..
Hey the subscribtion to the Listserve says that we are to introduce
ourselves, but to what address?? let me know ..
Edi
-------------
Original Text
From: gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow), on 4/7/97 9:05 PM:
To:
Greetings:
Abdou Bobb and Edi Jarju have been added to the group. Please send brief
intros. to the group.
Welcome.
LatJor
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 09:15:03 -0400 (EDT)
From: "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: msjaitheiII@mtu.edu
Subject: Re: Rumours
Message-ID: <199704081315.JAA21150@hemlock.ffr.mtu.edu>
Content-Type: text
My heart goes to the Manjang family for this tragic loss.
Malanding Jaiteh
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 97 4:53:43 CET
From: "Edrissa Jarju" <edjarju@usaid.gov>
To: <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: re: new members
Message-ID: <vines.NF59+brYGnB@BASA14037.usaid.gov>
Well I guess you all know about me now!! no need introducing.. Good lords!
what a flunker!!
-------------
Original Text
From: gndow@spelman.edu (Gabriel Ndow), on 4/7/97 9:05 PM:
To:
Greetings:
Abdou Bobb and Edi Jarju have been added to the group. Please send brief
intros. to the group.
Welcome.
LatJor
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 10:49:37 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: GAMBIA-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: faculty to teach in Gambia
Message-ID: <970408104934_-668734844@emout12.mail.aol.com>
Hi
It seems that there is a lot of interest and various enquiries about the
teaching positions at Gambia college but Mr. Sowe, who put out the
information does not seem to be responding to any of them.Are you still out
there, Mr. Sowe? If you don't want to put the info. on the L, perhaps you
might give a phone number where you can be contacted. Thanks.
Jabou
Joh.
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 14:53:33 GMT
From: oleary@arminco.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: re: new members
Message-ID: <199704081453.OAA16651@arminco.com>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Well, now everyone knows. Hahahahahahah
That was great...who'd ya' think you were mailing to.
Any flamers yet??
Sean O'Leary
USAID/Yerevan
Washington,DC
20520-7020
Home Phone:(3742)151371
E-mail address: oleary@arminco.com
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 08 Apr 1997 17:13:01 +0200
From: Bahary Dukuray <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: The Observer Online Survey (fwd)
Message-ID: <199704081509.RAA15188@login.eunet.no>
Mime-version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit
----------
> From: "M.T. WADDA" <cen6mtw@ECU-01.NOVELL.LEEDS.AC.UK>
> To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
> Subject: Re: The Observer Online Survey (fwd)
> Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 12:09:29 GMT
>
> Hi,
>
> Here are my answers to your questions.
> 1- D
> 2-xC
> 3- B
> 4-xA
> 5- D
> 6- A
> 7- A
> 8-xA
> 9- B
>
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 11:38:56 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Internet Explore 4.0 Preview
Message-ID: <9704081538.AA57050@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
To all the Webmeisters out there.....,
The next Internet Explorer is now out!
Check out:
<http://www6.zdnet.com/cgi-bin/texis/swlib/hotfiles/info.html?fcode=000
EJJ>
for more information and a download . . .
Peace!
Moe S. Jallow
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 08 Apr 1997 09:17:58 PDT
From: "Sirra Ndow" <sirra@hotmail.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Introduction
Message-ID: <199704081618.JAA29831@f14.hotmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi everyone,
My name is Sirra (Ousman) Ndow and I am -- years old (well, a woman does not
knowingly reveal her age now does she?). I am a Gambia citizen and I live in
The Gambia. However, I am currently studing in the UK, pursuing a Masters
degree in Information Management at Thames Valley University, London. I am
being sponsored by by Employer's, the Gambia Ports Authority where I work as
a Systems Analyst.
My programme is a one a year course and I hope to go back home by the end of the
year.
I can't wait as I don't particularly like London. I am what we call in Gambia
a "Kumba Banjul".
What else... Yeah, my interests. I like meeting people and exchanging ideas
(not electronically preferably but it will do under these circumstance). Even
though I work in the computer industry, I am not very interested in using them,
only if I need to. (I'll take this opportunity to ask you out there who send
personal messages to all the list members to please retrict these messages to
your
interested parties. It is quite off-putting and time consuming to plough
through
such mail. We want quality on our group discussions not quantity I believe).
I am more interested in IT planning, strategic planning that is.
I am also very interested in issues that concern African development, the
African way.
Not African development as prescribed "outsider". I am particularly interested
in
inforamtion technology in Africa. In fact, I plan to do my dissertation in this
area so, if anyone out there comes across published (or unpublished) material on
this issue, please send me a copy or the source at least. I'd be grateful.
Getting bored? I'll stop here then. Any questions? I'll be happy to answer
(most).
Thanks for your time,
Sirra Ndow
---------------------------------------------------------
Get Your *Web-Based* Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
---------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 12:31:51 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Introduction
Message-ID: <9704081631.AA67056@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Sirra Ndow wrote:
> Hi everyone,
>
> Getting bored? I'll stop here then. Any questions? I'll be happy to answer
And to what e-mail address may I send "Any questions"? There seems to be no
personal address of yours.
Regards,
Moe S. Jallow
============================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 97 13:10:21 -0400
From: alfall@papl.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: RE: Introduction
Message-ID: <"904C9259*Fall_Amadou_L/NUC_GO2//US/IBMX400/PPL"@MHS>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="openmail-part-0fe7e17c-00000001"
--openmail-part-0fe7e17c-00000001
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII; name="RE:"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hi Sirra Ndow... Welcome to the Gambia-L. This Amadou (Lamine) Fall...
Remember me???
If you do, give me an e-mail at alfall@papl.com
Amadou :-}}
PS - I apologize to the List members for sending this personal note
over the list, but I don't have Sirra's e-mail address. Excuse my
transgression...
----------
From: GAMBIA-L-owner; sirra
To: gambia-l
Subject: Introduction
Date: Tuesday, April 08, 1997 12:17PM
<<File Attachment: INTRODUC.TXT>>
Hi everyone,
My name is Sirra (Ousman) Ndow and I am -- years old (well, a woman does not
knowingly reveal her age now does she?). I am a Gambia citizen and I live in
The Gambia. However, I am currently studing in the UK, pursuing a Masters
degree in Information Management at Thames Valley University, London. I am
being sponsored by by Employer's, the Gambia Ports Authority where I work as
a Systems Analyst.
My programme is a one a year course and I hope to go back home by the
end of the
year. I can't wait as I don't particularly like London. I am what we
call in Gambia
a "Kumba Banjul".
What else... Yeah, my interests. I like meeting people and exchanging ideas
(not electronically preferably but it will do under these circumstance). Even
though I work in the computer industry, I am not very interested in using them,
only if I need to. (I'll take this opportunity to ask you out there who send
personal messages to all the list members to please retrict these messages to
your interested parties. It is quite off-putting and time consuming to plough
through such mail. We want quality on our group discussions not
quantity I believe).
I am more interested in IT planning, strategic planning that is.
I am also very interested in issues that concern African development, the
African way.
Not African development as prescribed "outsider". I am particularly
interested
in inforamtion technology in Africa. In fact, I plan to do my
dissertation in this
area so, if anyone out there comes across published (or unpublished)
material on
this issue, please send me a copy or the source at least. I'd be grateful.
Getting bored? I'll stop here then. Any questions? I'll be happy to answer
(most).
Thanks for your time,
Sirra Ndow
---------------------------------------------------------
Get Your *Web-Based* Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
---------------------------------------------------------
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 12:02:59 -0600
From: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: new member introduction
Message-ID: <97040812025974@venus.nmhu.edu>
Here is my introduction. I will attempt to keep it brief. I am Steve Fox and
I'm a professor of clinical psychology at New Mexico Highlands University. I
have been part of the Gambian scene since 1986 and in recent years have been
conducting research in Gambia. Lately I have been collecting data in the
village of Buiba where I have been working with the marabout Fansu Touray, the
brother of the deceased Jasong Touray. I'm sure I know many of you out there
and I'm interested in hearing from you. My personal e-mail address is:
fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
Jerrejef, mangi dem.
Steve
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 08 Apr 1996 23:30:57 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU
Subject: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
Message-ID: <31697781.372E@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
MR. E.JAWARA & MIS. E. JANNEH!!
CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
"I am extremely interested in this issue ..... in which Colonized people
now assaulted by modernity,Capitalism and Western Hegemony seek to
retain ... or, it seems even to recreate - what has proven to be
meaningful in their Culture. ......... only by providing a forum for
Africans to plead their own case on this and other issues can we begin
to approach any sort of balance in this inflammatory debate."
Ylva Herlund
(Member of Gambia-L)
"The one constant amid the changes that are transforming the character
of the continent is the role of the African woman,a person whose
physical and spiritual strenght is nothing short of remarkable.More
often than not she is uneducated,bare foot,stoop-shouldered and
beefy.Her comforts are few,her burdens many. But if liberation means
freedom to work,rather than FROM work, she is the world's most liberated
woman."
David
Lamb
So, this will now be our last episode on Circumcision .The first
installment dealt with the History of this cultural practice and how is
it that almost the whole world learnt it from the black people.The
second one analyzed the philosophy and raison d'etre behind it.And the
third episode dealt with the Pedadgogical and Social function of
circumcision and how black people have used it through the ages as a
vehicle to transmit their culture from the older to the younger
generation.And in this final episode,we will try to articulate our own
view about this age old practice and make a couple of comments in
response to our critics.
We will begin by saying that now that Science has discovered that many
of our women who undergo Circumcision suffer various kinds of
impairment, the excision itself that leads to such impairment can no
longer be either desirable nor morally defensible.Such a position is
based on two facts: 1) Our Ancestors who invented this cultural practice
thousands of years ago did so,as we saw in the Black Cosmology,with the
sole purpose of correcting what appeared to them at the time as a
potential cause of enormous impairmnet for their progeny. 2) Despite
what is so often parroted by many who should know better,Circumcision
is neither a male conspiracy to control women nor used to regulate
their sexual morality.The rude fact is that no Gambian man who knows
that this practice infact reduces the excitement of sex for his partners
would find it in his selfish interest to support it.And the morality
argument is simply ridiculous,because even though Gambians have been
practicing Circumcision for centuries,I don't think many Gambians would
pass a morality test, if morality here means chastity,and that includes
those who are circumcised,male and female;so,it would have been very
clear by now that if the reason for circumcision was morality,then it is
definitely not working.As for those who blame it on Islam,they simply
have not done their history homework, because Islam cannot be
retroactively responsible for something that had come thousands of years
before it.
So,after we have read our history properly; after we have known why this
practice evolved in the first place;after we have known from science
that the way this practice of ours is conducted defeats its very
purpose, it would be just plain common sense on our part to heed calls
for some needed changes.But we must hasten to add a word of caution
here! There is a world of difference between wanting to effect some
changes that would spare future Gambian women a lot of pain and
impairment and conspiring to use the dark aspects of our culture as a
pretext to dismantle our entire system and way of life in the name of
'the holy ghost':Modernity. We would not reap anything from modernity
but alienation and neurosis if we have, in the process of achieving it,
lost the very essence that makes us what we are as a people.So those of
our brothers and sisters who parrot to us the West's anti-third world
cultural practice rhetoric must know that they are either unthinkingly
or unwittingly taking part in such a conspiracy.It is perfectly
understandable why people whose culture and world view is so
diametrically opposed to ours would want to destroy ours because their
Capitalist Economic system has always had contempt for and problems
thriving in Cultures that have Collectivistic tendencies .But what
cannot be comprehended is the fact that many of our elites,potential
leaders,pose a much more serious threat to our culture than our supposed
detractors,because anyone of them could end up in a position of power
and influence that could enable him/her to translate his/her dream of
doing away with all 'our primitive' practices into reality. It is almost
masochistic for us to hurl such revolting epithets like Barbaric,Archaic
and Primitive to the very culture that makes us what we are.This is no
attempt on my part to stifle debate or criticism of our culture,but just
a humble contribution towards highlighting the often forgotten fact that
our culture has no monopoly on getting some of its most cherished
assumptions wrong.Western Culture is riddled with them,the overpowering
nature of science in it notwithstanding.
The Good News about the future status of women in the Gambia is
that,despite the superimposition of Patriarchal tendencies that resulted
from our contact with both the Europeans and Arabs,Gambian Culture is
deep down
NON-MISOGYNISTIC and because Gambian men in general do not really have a
fear for nor ideologically opposed to the progress,development and
elevation of women.That is because,as we saw in the Black
Cosmology,there is nothing in it that remotely resembles the Arabs
belief that a woman has only fifty percent of the moral and intellectual
capacity of men, and the Western belief that woman was created with just
a negligible portion - a rib - of a man's body.Surprisingly,such
limiting notions about women still have some devastating attitudinal and
social consequences for Gender Relations in those two cultures.Which
Arab country,for instance,can do what Gambia has just done?! The number
and nature of the Ministerial Portfolios
given to the women in the present Gambian gorvernment is NO MEAN FEAT by
any standard.The only Western Democracy that ever came close to that is
Norway under its former Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland.But even
Brundtland,with all her Scandanavian sense of fairness and
egalitarianism, never came close to doing what we are witnessing in the
present Gambian Government right now.As for Macho-America, it took her,
with all the hype about the Greatest Democracy on the face of the earth,
three hundred years to give the sensitive Secretarial Portfolios of
Justice and External Affairs to Women.The most intriguing aspect of
Gambia entrusting its parliament,Finance,Justice and Deputy Presidency
to Women is not EVEN the Fact itself,but it is the fact that most
Gambians don't even know or recognize that Women don't get such jobs and
power in other places around the globe.In short,to them,this was not the
kind of event NewsWeek Magazine should make a cover story out of.And
yet, it is exactly that in other cultures.Remember the Celebratory Mood
the U.S. Feminist Groups were in when Albright was given the State
Department? To us it was not a BIG DEAL, because,as David Lamb says,it
is the "Queen Mother",and not the village Chief that determines the line
of decent in Black Africa.And that must, of course,be much more serious
than Ministerial posts.
Because Women were the founders of the Clans in Black Culture and
therefore the GIVERS of tradition,they become by default Custodians of
Gambian Culture.That is why almost all the traditional practices that,in
these
modern times,tend to hold back women are not,contrary the widely held
view, male conspiracies against women,but an understandable reluctance
on the part of our women themselves (grandmothers,mothers,aunts,
sisters and mothers' in-law) to changes that they fear are a threat to
their cherished ways of life.This explains absolutely clearly why female
initiates still face razor blades in dark and insanitary rooms whilst
most male
initiates receive their cuttings in clinics.Our women have always been
and are still the main guardians of our
culture,they somehow have this unconscious feeling that ,they being the
bedrock of our way of life, it is their
moral responsibiltiy not to ' sell out' the way our men did by going to
the White Man's clinic trying do something there that is essentially a
black thing.To them, doing that would render the process empty of its
spiritual content.So, it is definitely NOT,as some people
insinuate,criminally intended to brutalize Gambia's female child while
sending the male child to a fancy clinic! So, in our very difficult
struggle to reconcile our black Essence with the reqirements of
modernity, we ought to have a clear, positive and an appealing strategy
that would enable us not only to get through to our women but also to
put before them a substitute in which Gambia's female child's health
interest would be protected while at the same time guaranteeing the
presence of the rituals through which our value system could be
transmitted to our young people.That is why all of us must salute and
encourage the BAFROW experiment in the Gambia that Mis Herlund has
informed us about on this List.It is indeed very inspiring and
heartening to learn that there are people on the ground back home who
have now come to the realisation that the RENDEZ-VOUS OF VICTORY that
Fanon promised us a long time ago can come only after we have become
absolutely comfortable with our Past and Essence,and that we can never
become absolutely comfortable unless we can have the courage TO SING OUR
OWN SONGS,as the UB40 has taught us,the way we want to sing them, and in
the place and time that we want to sing them and not give a damn
afterwards what other people think about them!
REGARDS BASSSS!!
..
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 23:48:26 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New members
Message-ID: <19970408224942.AAA17830@LOCALNAME>
Gambia-l,
Both Sheikh Faal and Ebrima Drammeh have been added to the list and
as a custom, we expect to have introductions from them. Welcome to
the Gambia-l Mr. Faal and Mr. Drammeh, please send your intros to:
gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Best regards
Momodou Camara
*******************************************************
http://home3.inet.tele.dk/mcamara
**"Start by doing what's necessary, then what's
possible and suddenly you are doing the impossible"***
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 08 Apr 1997 18:19:28 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: Gambia-L <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Getting on to the demo page
Message-ID: <334AC470.7CD5@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Some members have been experiencing problems gaining access to the
Observer Online demo page. The page is located at:
http://www.xsite.net/~c3p0/Observer
Please note that in the address it is "c3p0", (that is c-three-p-ZERO)
as in the character (robot) in the film Star Wars.
Also note the "squigly" character, "~", that comes after "net/" in the
address. It is located on your keyboard before the "1" key.
Peace.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 19:21:49 -0400 (EDT)
From: Musa Sowe <chemsm@panther.Gsu.EDU>
To: Gunjur@aol.com
Cc: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>, ;
Subject: Re: faculty to teach in Gambia
Message-ID: <Pine.GSO.3.95.970408190912.17628C-100000@panther.Gsu.EDU>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
On Tue, 8 Apr 1997 Gunjur@aol.com wrote:
> Hi
> It seems that there is a lot of interest and various enquiries about the
> teaching positions at Gambia college but Mr. Sowe, who put out the
> information does not seem to be responding to any of them.Are you still out
> there, Mr. Sowe? If you don't want to put the info. on the L, perhaps you
> might give a phone number where you can be contacted. Thanks.
>
Jabou
>
Jabou and everyone:
sorry for the delay in replying to the general L and to some of
thepeeople who contacted me directly at my private e-mail. I have now
replied all of the individual mails. And, here is more info on this
temporary faculty position. The funding is available from this end (the
U.S) and NOT FROM Gambia college. It is a two step process. Candidates are
screened here, qualified candidates are matched with available positions
and are offered full funding. Names of selected candidates will be sent to
Gambia College and it is their prerogative to accept or reject the
candidates.
A similar endeavour is ongoing between my institution and other
countries. It is through working with other instructors here that I found
out about it. Currently, 2 positions are available (1 in biology and 1
in education). These are positions that have not been filled yet from
the existing programs and I am given the oppurtunity to fill them with
candidates who may be interested to go to Gambia College. The physical
sciences (physics and chemistry) are in the works for the next fiscal
year. Also, for the next fiscal year I am looking to see if a program can
be established for Gambia College as well. If that happens there may be
more oppurtunities in other areas as well. The overall goal is to
establish links between Gambia college faculty and faculty of other
institutions (my institution) with the hope that other projects can result
from the contacts.
THE DEADLINE DATE FOR THESE APPLICATIONS IS APRIL 15. THE EXISTING
PROGRAMS ARE OF COURSE ALSO SEEKING INDIVIDUALS WHO MAY FILL THEM FOR THE
COUNTRIES THAT THEY WERE ORIGINALLY INTENDED, BECAUSE IF CANDIDATES ARE
NOT IDENTIFIED BY THEN, THE GRANT WILL BE LOST.
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THE TWO ABOVE POSITIONS, PLEASE FAX ME AT
404-651-1416 o(or e-mail me) THE FOLLOWING INFO y saturday, April 12:
Name: (leave out social security number for now)
position:
College/university:
whether or not you can obtain a 3-5 month sabbatical/leave of
absence from your institution; if so which months
whether you are permanent resident or citizen of the U.S (only
these categories will be considered)
Area you would like to teach (Biology or education)
Thank you. Musa
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 1997 22:20:48 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Introduction
Message-ID: <970408221854_-1837915296@emout07.mail.aol.com>
Moe S Jallow,
Sirra Ndow's email address is Sirra@hotmail.com
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 01:32:05 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: new member introduction ,Steven Fox
Message-ID: <970408221123_82321749@emout17.mail.aol.com>
Steven Fox,
l'm curious . What kind of research have you been doing in the village of
Buiba in Gambia?
Jabou
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 09 Apr 1997 09:43:52 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <824049630.52213979@inform-bbs.dk>
Gunjur@aol.com,Internet wrote on 08/04/97 at 16:28
to Momodou Camara about "Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'":
-----------------------------
>Momodou,
>As regards the article about AIDS in Senegal, could the low infection rate be
>due to the fact that in Senegal as in Gambia almost everyone knows who the
>protitutes in town are?Consequently, most or all of the men in our society
>would stay clear of these women , not so much because they fear being
>infected with AIDS virus (although this would be a darn good reason in
>itself) but because traditionally men in our society would not want to be
>associated with such disreputable women.Instead, when they wander from home
>in search of new partners(which unfortunately many do) they find such
>partners among women who do not necessarily engage in as risky a behaviour as
>the prostitutes do. Frankly, having spent a lot of time in Senegal and as
>recently as a couple of years ago, most of these men go after very young
>ladies some of whom are fresh out of high school or even younger. Also, as
>unbelievable as this might seem, there are also many people both in Gambia
>and Senegal who adhere to the principles of Islam and are faithful to their
>spouses, as there are also self respecting ladies young and old who do not
>engage in rampant sex before marriage.l am sure that this is also a
>contributing factor to the so called low level of infection in Senegal. As
>far as l am concerned, any level of infection is bad. When one stops to
>consider all of these things affecting people around the globe today, one
>will come to realize that Allah has much wisdom and if we live according to
>his guidelines , there is much well being, harmony and peace. Ponder that for
>a while, one an all.
> Jabou Joh.
-----------------------------
--- OffRoad 1.9s registered to Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 17:06:47 JST +900
From: binta@iuj.ac.jp
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <199704090754.QAA17698@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII
Jabou and Gambia-l,
I like Jabou's explanation of the AIDS situation in Senegal and why it
may be so low. But given the close reference she made to the Gambia,
I became a bit confused. At a small seminar in Freetown in 1993, it
was said that Gambia has one of the highest AIDS rates (in proportion
to the total population) in West Africa. If that were true, then there
is an explanatory problem. Is information availability a possible
explanatory factor for the divergence, given that most other socio-
cultural and religious factors in both Senegal and Gambia are the same?
Lamin Drammeh.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 09 Apr 1997 04:07:06 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Getting on to the demo page
Message-ID: <334B4E2A.7128@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
In a previous message I wrote:
> address. It is located on your keyboard before the "1" key.
I've been advised by Momodou Camara that this is not always the case. I
assumed, quite wrongly that every one uses the same type of keyboard
that I do but some of you may be using different language keyboards,
like Danish, Arabic etc.
If you do, then I have very little idea on what you should do. I think
all systems use the "'alt' + <something>" keystroke like Momodou does to
bring up all characters, including one like the squigly that may not be
on your keyboard, but you will have to find that out.
The purpose of these messages was to make all this clearer but I fear
I've made it a bit more confusing :~()...help!!!
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 09 Apr 1997 05:30:19 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: Gambia-L <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <334B61AB.B47@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
I tend to agree with Ms. Joh to a certain extent, the "sugar daddy"
scenario is popular but in my opinion, it would be a mistake to think
prostitution much less so.
This topic has come up several times among my friends back home, both
male and female, and I think luck, or time, has a lot to do with the
number of cases. I should say, this is very unscientific and merely
observational on my part, so please bear with me.
First of all, I think that while most prostitutes are indiscriminate
about their clientele, there are those who serve mostly the tourist
market and others the local side. Not all philandering men are sugar
daddies, like the types we see on the Senegalese televised "theatre".
This means that many do not have the cash that attracts these young,
"fresh" ladies. (yes, a thin line exists here) These are the ones who
go local, if you will, and I said lucky because I think that AIDS in
general has not hit this category of Prostitutes.....yet!
Believe me though, when it does, and if things continue as they are it
will, we will start to see East and Central African type figures as far
as AIDS cases are concerned.
On the issues raised about faith, sexual activity and adultery, I'm
almost afraid to comment. In fact, I am afraid.
>far as l am concerned, any level of infection is bad. When one stops to
>consider all of these things affecting people around the globe today, one
>will come to realize that Allah has much wisdom and if we live according to
>his guidelines , there is much well being, harmony and peace. Ponder that for
>a while, one an[d] all.
Amen to that!
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 09 Apr 1996 17:29:59 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU
Subject: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
Message-ID: <316A7467.7D8F@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
MR. E.JAWARA & MIS. E. JANNEH!!
CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
"I am extremely interested in this issue ..... in which Colonized people
now assaulted by modernity,Capitalism and Western Hegemony seek to
retain ... or, it seems even to recreate - what has proven to be
meaningful in their Culture. ......... only by providing a forum for
Africans to plead their own case on this and other issues can we begin
to approach any sort of balance in this inflammatory debate."
Ylva Herlund
(Member of Gambia-L)
"The one constant amid the changes that are transforming the character
of the continent is the role of the African woman,a person whose
physical and spiritual strenght is nothing short of remarkable.More
often than not she is uneducated,bare foot,stoop-shouldered and
beefy.Her comforts are few,her burdens many. But if liberation means
freedom to work,rather than FROM work, she is the world's most liberated
woman."
David Lamb
So, this will now be our last episode on Circumcision .The first
installment dealt with the History of this cultural practice and how is
it that almost the whole world learnt it from the black people.The
second one analyzed the philosophy and raison d'etre behind it.And the
third episode dealt with the Pedadgogical and Social function of
circumcision and how black people have used it through the ages as a
vehicle to transmit their culture from the older to the younger
generation.And in this final episode,we will try to articulate our own
view about this age old practice and make a couple of comments in
response to our critics.
We will begin by saying that now that Science has discovered that many
of our women who undergo Circumcision suffer various kinds of
impairment, the excision itself that leads to such impairment can no
longer be either desirable nor morally defensible.Such a position is
based on two facts: 1) Our Ancestors who invented this cultural practice
thousands of years ago did so,as we saw in the Black Cosmology,with the
sole purpose of correcting what appeared to them at the time as a
potential cause of enormous impairmnet for their progeny. 2) Despite
what is so often parroted by many who should know better,Circumcision
is neither a male conspiracy to control women nor used to regulate
their sexual morality.The rude fact is that no Gambian man who knows
that this practice infact reduces the excitement of sex for his partners
would find it in his selfish interest to support it.And the morality
argument is simply ridiculous,because even though Gambians have been
practising Circumcision for centuries,I don't think many Gambians would
pass a morality test, if morality here means chastity,and that includes
those who are circumcised,male and female;so,it would have been very
clear by now that if the reason for circumcision was morality,then it is
definitely not working.As for those who blame it on Islam,they simply
have not done their history homework, because Islam cannot be
retroactively responsible for something that had come thousands of years
before it.
So,after we have read our history properly; after we have known why this
practice evolved in the first place;after we have known from science
that the way this practice of ours is conducted defeats its very
purpose, it would be just plain common sense on our part to heed calls
for some needed changes.But we must hasten to add a word of caution
here! There is a world of difference between wanting to effect some
changes that would spare future Gambian women a lot of pain and
impairment and conspiring to use the dark aspects of our culture as a
pretext to dismantle our entire system and way of life in the name of
'the holy ghost':Modernity. We would not reap anything from modernity
but alienation and neurosis if we have, in the process of achieving it,
lost the very ESSENCE that makes us what we are as a people.So those of
our brothers and sisters who parrot to us the West's anti-third world
cultural practice rhetoric must know that they are either unthinkingly
or unwittingly taking part in such a conspiracy.It is perfectly
understandable why people whose culture and world view is so
diametrically opposed to ours would want to destroy ours because their
Capitalist Economic system has always had contempt for and problems
thriving in Cultures that have Collectivistic tendencies .But what
cannot be comprehended is the fact that many of our elites,potential
leaders,pose a much more serious threat to our culture than our supposed
detractors,because anyone of them could end up in a position of power
and influence that could enable him/her to translate his/her dream of
doing away with all 'our primitive' practices into reality. It is almost
masochistic for us hurl such revolting epithets like Barbaric,Archaic
and Primitive to the very culture that makes us what we are.This is no
attempt on my part to stifle debate or criticism of our culture,but just
a humble contribution towards highlighting the often forgotten fact that
our culture has no monopoly on getting some of its most cherished
assumptions wrong.Western Culture is riddled with them,the overpowering
nature of science in it notwithstanding.
The Good News about the future status of women in the Gambia is
that,despite the superimposition of Patriarchal tendencies that resulted
from our contact with both the Europeans and Arabs,Gambian Culture is
deep down
NON-MISOGYNISTIC and because Gambian men in general do not really have
a fear for nor ideologically opposed to the progress,development and
elevation of women.That is because,as we saw in the Black Cos-
mology,there is nothing in it that remotely resembles the Arabs belief
that a woman has only fifty percent of the moral and intellectual
capacity of men, and the Western belief that woman was created with just
a negligible portion - a rib - of a man's body.Surprisingly,such
limiting notions about women still have some devastating attitudinal and
social consequences for Gender Relations in those two cultures.Which
Arab country,for instance,can do what Gambia has just done without
causing a major stir?! The number and nature of the Ministerial
Portfolios given to the women in the present Gambian gorvernment is no
mean feat by any standard.The only Western
Democracy that ever came close to that is Norway under its former Prime
Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland.But even Brundtland,with all her
Scandanavian sense of fairness and egalitarianism, never came close to
doing what we are witnessing in the present Gambian Government right
now.As for Macho-America, it took her, with all the hype about the
Greatest Democracy on the face of the earth, three hundred years to give
the sensitive Secretarial Portfolios of Justice and External Affairs to
Women.The most intriguing aspect of Gambia entrusting its
parliament,Finance,Justice and Deputy Presidency to Women is not the
Fact itself,but it is the fact that most Gambians don't even know or
recognize that Women don't get such jobs and power in other places
around the globe.In short,to them,this was not the kind of event
NewsWeek Magazine should make a cover story out of.And yet, it is
exactly that in other cultures.Remember the Celebratory Mood the U.S.
Feminist Groups were in when Albright was given the State Department?
To us, it was not a BIG DEAL, because,as David Lamb says,it
is the "Queen Mother",and not the village Chief that determines the line
of decent in Black Africa.And that must, of course,be much more serious
than Ministerial posts.
Because Women were the founders of the Clans in Black Culture and
therefore the GIVERS of tradition,they become by default Custodians of
Gambian Culture.That is why almost all the traditional practices that,in
these modern times,tend to hold back women are not,contrary the widely
held view, male conspiracies against women,but an understandable
reluctance on the part of our women themselves
(grandmothers,mothers,aunts,
sisters and mothers' in-law) to changes that they fear are a threat to
their cherished ways of life.This explains absolutely clearly why female
initiates still face razor blades in dark and insanitary rooms whilst
most male
initiates receive their cuttings in clinics.Our women have always been
and are still the main guardians of our culture,they somehow have this
unconscious feeling that ,they being the bedrock of our way of life, it
is their
moral responsibiltiy not to ' sell out' the way our men did by going to
the White Man's clinic trying do something there that is essentially a
black thing.To them, doing that would render the process empty of its
spiritual content.So, it is definitely NOT,as some people
insinuate,criminally intended to brutalize Gambia's female child while
sending the male child to a fancy clinic! So, in our very difficult
struggle to reconcile our black Essence with the reqirements of
modernity, we ought to have a clear, positive and an appealing strategy
that would enable us not only to get through to our women but also to
put before them a substitute in which Gambia's female child's health
interest would be protected while at the same time guaranteeing the
presence of the rituals through which our value system could be
transmitted to our young people.That is why all of us must salute and
encourage the BAFROW experiment in the Gambia that Mis Herlund has
informed us about on this List.It is indeed very heartening and
inspiring to learn that there are people on the ground back home who
have now come to the realisation that the RENDEZ-VOUS OF VICTORY that
Fanon promised us a long time ago can come only after we have become
absolutely comfortable with our Past and Essence,and that we can never
become absolutely comfortable unless we can have the courage TO SING OUR
OWN SONGS,as the UB40 has taught us,the way we want to sing them, and in
the place and time that we want to sing them and not give a damn
afterwards what other people think about them!
REGARDS BASSSS!!
..
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 10:46:01 -0400
From: "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Summer Jobs at Education Department
Message-ID: <199704091446.KAA06423@spruce.ffr.mtu.edu>
----- Begin Included Message -----
>From nagps-request@nagps.org Wed Apr 2 15:27:11 1997
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 1997 12:30:25 -0800
From: nagps@netcom.com (NAGPS)
Subject: Summer Jobs at Education Department
To: nagps-jobs@nagps.org
Job Announcement from Department of Education
Note deadline is April 11.
Kevin Boyer
NAGPS Executive Director
From: Jeffrey_Andrade@ed.gov (Jeffrey Andrade)
Subject: Summer Jobs at ED!
Colleagues:
The U.S. Department of Education has just announced its 1997 Summer
Employment openings. These positions are located in Washington, DC.
IMPORTANT -- HIS ANNOUNCEMENT CLOSES ON APRIL 11, 1997. The official
announcement appears below.
Applicants can apply for ALL summer jobs throughout the Department of
Education under this announcement. Read the announcement below and
follow the instructions carefully.
*********************************************************************
FYI -- By popular demand, we will have a summer intern position
available in the Postsecondary Analysis Division in the Budget office.
This position will involve research work and analysis on Higher
Education Act reauthorization and helping us to prepare the
Department's 1999 budget request. We are looking for someone with an
interest in higher education policy, good research skills, writes
well, and can use spreadsheets, graphing, and statistical software.
If you are interested in working in my office this summer, follow the
instructions below, sending your OFFICIAL APPLICATION to the ED Job
Information Center, AND, send my office a COURTESY COPY so that we
know you've applied. Our snail mail address is:
Postsecondary Analysis Division
Budget Service, OUS
US Department of Education
Washington, DC 20202
E-mail: jeffrey_andrade@ed.gov
This is a great opportunity to get some solid experience in public
policy. You'd work in a young, dynamic office with experienced
professionals, AND you'd get paid. Apply today!
-- Jeff Andrade
Team Leader, Student Aid
**********************************************************************
The official announcement follows. Remember it closes on April 11th!
----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
1997 SUMMER EMPLOYMENT NOTICE
OPENING DATE: March 24, 1997
CLOSING DATE: April 11, 1997
The Department of Education (ED) is recruiting for clerical,
technical, administrative and professional positions located in
Washington, DC:
CLERICAL/TECHNICAL
Clerks, GS-303-1/2/3/4
Office Automation Clerks, GS-326-2/3/4
Office Automation Assistants, GS-326-5/6/7
ADMINISTRATIVE
Computer Specialists, GS-334-5/7/9/11/12
Management/Program Analysts, GS-343-5/7/9/11/12
Financial Management Analysts, GS-501-5/7/9/11/12
Paralegal Specialists, GS-950-5/7/9/11/12
PROFESSIONAL
Education Program Specialists, GS-1720-5/7/9/11/12
DESCRIPTION OF DUTIES:
Clerks/Clerical Assistants carry out general office support work;
e.g., receiving and delivering mail; filing records, files,
correspondence; operating equipment; and/or providing factual
information, etc.
Office Automation Clerks perform work which requires the use of word
processing equipment either solely or in combination with general
office support work.
Computer Specialists are responsible for performing the work necessary
to design, implement, maintain or modify systems through the use of
computers.
Management/Program Analysts analyze and evaluate the actual or
potential effectiveness of current or projected operating programs in
achieving their objectives. Also provides advice and service to
management in such areas as planning, policy development, work methods
and procedures, management utilization, etc., with the objective of
improving management effectiveness.
Education Program Specialists promote, coordinate, and improve
education policies, programs, standards, activities and opportunities.
Paralegal Specialists perform legal research and analyze the legal
impact of legislative developments and administrative and judicial
decisions.
QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS:
CLERICAL/TECHNICAL
GRADE EDUCATION OR EXPERIENCE
GS-1 None
GS-2 High school graduation or three months of experience
GS-3 One year above high school or six months of experience
GS-4 Two years above high school or 52 weeks of experience
GS-5 Four years above high school or 52 weeks of experience
at least equivalent to GS-4
GS-6 52 weeks of specialized experience equivalent to the
next lower grade level
GS-7 52 weeks of specialized experience equivalent to the
next lower grade level
If you are applying for clerk-typist and office automation clerk
positions, you must be able to type at least 40 words per minute.
ADMINISTRATIVE/PROFESSIONAL
GS-5 Four year course of study above high school leading to
a bachelor's degree or three years of nonclerical
experience with one year equivalent to GS-4
GS-7 One academic year of graduate level education
or law school or superior academic achievement or 52
weeks of specialized experience equivalent to GS-5
GS-9 Two full academic years of progressively higher level
graduate education or master's or equivalent graduate
degree or LL.B or J.D; or 52 weeks of specialized
experience at least equivalent to GS-7
GS-11 Three full academic years of progressively higher
level graduate education or Ph.D or equivalent
doctoral degree; or 52 weeks of specialized experience
at least equivalent to GS-9
GS-12 52 weeks of specialized experience at least
equivalent to GS-11
Specialized experience is experience that has equipped the applicant
with the particular knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform
successfully the duties of the position and is typically in or related
to the work of the position to be filled. To qualify for these
positions your education and/or experience must be relevant to the
kinds of positions for which you apply.
In addition to the qualifications listed above, to qualify for the
professional occupation of Education Program Specialist,
GS-1720-5/7/9/11/12, applicants must possess a degree which includes
24 semester hours in a field related to the work of the position with
at least nine semester hours of education courses; or a combination of
education and experience with the number of hours of coursework listed
above; or 4 years of professional education experience; or at least l
full academic year of professional teaching experience.
To qualify for the Accountant/Auditor, GS-510-5/7/9/11/12, applicants
must possess a degree in accounting or related field with at least 24
hours in accounting; or combination of education and experience and
(1) 24 semester hours in accounting or auditing courses, (2) a
certificate as Certified Public Accountant or Certified Internal
Auditor, or (3) completion of the requirements for a degree that
included substantial course work in accounting or auditing.
Equivalent combinations of education and experience are qualifying for
all grade levels for which both education and experience are
acceptable.
Applicants are not required to pass a written test to apply for these
summer positions.
SALARY CHART
GS-1 $13,570 - $16,971 GS-2 $15,256 - $19,203
GS-3 $16,647 - $21,641 GS-4 $18,687 - $24,298
GS-5 $20,908 - $27,183 GS-6 $23,305 - $30,294
GS-7 $25,897 - $33,667 GS-9 $31,680 - $41,185
GS-11 $39,330 - $49,831 GS-12 $45,939 - $59,725
* Positions which require a qualified typist or office
automation skills receive the following special salary rates:
GS-2 $17,468 - $21,608 GS-3 $18,650 - $23,312
GS-4 $19,775 - $25,013 GS-5 $21,473 - $27,332
GS-6 $23,305 - $30,294 GS-7 $25,897 - $33,667
HOW TO APPLY:
To apply you must submit the following forms:
NEW APPLICATION PROCEDURES: A resume, Optional Application for
Employment (OF-612), Standard Form SF-171, or other application format
of your choice.
Your application should address the following: Work experience related
to the position for which you are applying including job titles,
duties and accomplishments, employer's name, number of hours worked
per week, starting and ending dates (month and year), and annual
salary. If you held various positions with the same employer,
describe each separately. If you have federal civilian experience,
indicate the highest grade held, the job series, and dates held.
Educational accomplishments including: (a) high school graduation
date, (b) college/university information with major, year/type of
degree, and major/minor course credits by semester or quarter hours.
If no degree, show total credits earned and indicate whether semester
or quarter hours. You must submit a separate application for each
occupation for which you wish consideration.
OPM Form 1170/17 (see attachment) - List of College Courses of
Scholastic Achievement. This form must be completed by all applicants
who are applying for employment based on education. List all
undergraduate courses you have completed by the end of the current
school year, including credit hours you expect to earn by Spring 1997.
Be sure to compute your grade point average. A transcript may be
submitted in lieu of OPM Form 1170/17. (Note: Credit for education will
not be granted without verification).
DD-214 if claiming 5-Point Veteran Preference.
SF-15 - Claim for 10-Point Veteran Preference. Submit
this form with a photocopy of appropriate proof, if you
are claiming 10-point veteran preference.
Note: The application and attachment forms may be duplicated; however
the application should have an original signature. Since applications
received under this notice will not be returned, do not submit
original transcripts. Candidates may be asked to fill out a
Declaration for Federal Employment (Optional Form 306). Individuals
selected for positions will be required to certify that their
application materials are accurate when they enter on duty.
WHERE TO APPLY:
U.S. Department of Education
Job Information Center, FOB-10
600 Independence Avenue, SW, Room 1244
Washington, DC 20202
APPLICATION CONDITIONS:
Applicants must be at least 16 years of age.
Applicants must possess United States citizenship.
Male applicants born after December 31, 1959, will be
required to certify their selective service status
prior to entry on duty.
If you previously worked for ED on a summer appointment, you may be
rehired without filing an application under this notice. Please
contact your previous supervisor.
Individuals (non-students) hired under the competitive process for the
summer must file an application udner this notice and meet any
applicable test requirements.
Appointments under this notice are subject to the
requirements of the Interagency Career Transition Assistance
Program (ICTAP).
Applications received in franked U.S. Government envelopes
will be returned without consideration.
APPLICATIONS MUST BE RECEIVED BY CLOSE OF BUSINESS OR
POSTMARKED BY CLOSING DATE OF THE ANNOUNCEMENT.
For additional information please contact ED's Job Information Center
on (202) 401-0559.
The Department of Education is an equal opportunity employer. All
qualified applicants will receive consideration for
employment without regard to race, color, religion, national
origin, sex, age, handicapping conditions, or political or
personal favoritism or other non-merit factors.
_____________________________________________________________________________
This message | Help on the lists nagps-help@nagps.varesearch.com
sent using the | Subscribe/remove/etc. nagps-request@nagps.varesearch.com
NAGPS E-mail | General talk list nagps-talk@nagps.varesearch.com
Server | Reach NAGPS officers nagps-officers@nagps.varesearch.com
----- End Included Message -----
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 10:56:53 -0400
From: "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: FW: Fwd: Ph.D. Research Opportunity - Conservation Biology
Message-ID: <199704091456.KAA06425@spruce.ffr.mtu.edu>
----- Begin Included Message -----
>From owner-forgrad-l-outgoing@mtu.edu Tue Mar 11 10:24:07 1997
X-Received: MTU Resend v1.1 for forgrad-l
X-Sender: scsaunde@141.219.149.237
Mime-Version: 1.0
Date: Tue, 11 Mar 1997 11:22:39 -0500
To: forgrad-l@mtu.edu, ecology-l@mtu.edu
From: "Sari C. Saunders" <scsaunde@mtu.edu>
Subject: FW: Fwd: Ph.D. Research Opportunity - Conservation Biology
>
>PH.D. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY -- CONSERVATION
>BIOLOGY
>
>Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, is seeking a
>Ph.D.
>candidate to participate in a project evaluating the
>effectiveness of
>single-species conservation plans in protecting biodiversity
>in southwestern
>ecoregions. Single-species plans will likely include existing
>conservation
>efforts for the Mexican spotted owl, habitat conservation
>efforts for other
>listed or sensitive species (e.g. southwest willow flycatcher),
>a reserve
>design (developed by the candidate) for conservation of
>cougars, and other
>approaches that focus on single species. These
>single-species plans will be
>evaluated on how well they protect biodiversity (for both
>animals and
>plants) on a regional scale. Related issues include
>evaluating the adequacy
>of existing data and models, selecting appropriate measures
>of biodiversity
>protection, and determining the appropriate scale for
>developing and
>evaluating each plan. Most work will involve manipulation
>of existing data,
>rather than field work. The candidate and faculty may
>pursue additional
>funding if field work is incorporated into the project. This
>project is
>co-supervised by Laura DeWald (Genetics and Conservation
>Biology) and Paul
>Beier (Wildlife Ecology).
>
>This dissertation project is in partial fulfillment of the
>requirements for
>a PhD in Forestry. The School of Forestry at Northern
>Arizona University is
>in the College of Ecosystem Science and Management. The
>College also
>contains the Department of Geography, and shares a new,
>well-equipped
>facility with a unit of the US Forest Service's Rocky
>Mountain Forest and
>Range Experiment Station. The candidate will also work
>closely with the
>Colorado Plateau Research Station on the NAU campus.
>The CPRS (a unit of
>the Biological Resources Division of the US Department of
>Interior) is a
>lead agency in the Arizona and Four Corners GAP projects.
>
>
>Project Duration and Salary: 3 years support at $12,500/yr,
>plus $1500/yr
>for project-related expenses. Preferred start date is Fall
>Semester 1997,
>although a January 1998 start date is acceptable.
>
>Qualifications/Preference Factors:
>Minimum GRE (verbal and quantitative) of 1100.
>MS degree, with either BS or MS in a field related to
>management of natural
>resources, and at least a 3.5 GPA in graduate courses.
>Experience or familiarity with Geographic Information
>Systems, and with the
>GAP program, would be helpful. Applicants should describe
>their expertise in
>these areas.
>
>For additional information, contact:
> Laura DeWald
> Laura DeWald@nau.edu
> 520-523-8129
>or
> Paul Beier
> Paul.Beier@nau.edu
> 520-523-9341
> http://www.for.nau.edu/~pb
>
>To apply:
> Obtain application materials for the PhD program from
>the School of
>Forestry Office, Box 15018, Flagstaff AZ 86011-5018 (phone
>520-523-3031).
>Apply by June 1 1997.
>
>
>
>``````````````````````````````````````````````````````
> Shannon Sepulveda
> 3580 Glen Lily
> Bowling Green, KY 42101
> sepulveda@mursuky.campus.mci.net
>```````````````````````````````````````````````````````
>This account will no longer be active as of 17 March 1997.
>After this date all messages may be sent to lousep@aol.com
>
>
Sari Saunders [scsaunde@mtu.edu]
Landscape Ecology Group
School of Forestry
Michigan Technological University
Houghton, MI 49931
ph. (906) 487-2852 fax 487-2915
----- End Included Message -----
------------------------------
|
|
|
Momodou
Denmark
11511 Posts |
Posted - 19 Jun 2021 : 16:04:02
|
Date: Wed, 09 Apr 1997 17:26:04 +0200
From: Andrea Klumpp <klumpp@kar.dec.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Survey on Support of Education in The Gambia
Message-ID: <334BB50C.2B9D@kar.dec.com>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hello Listmembers,
first of all, hello and welcome to the Newcomers!
Please find below the questionnaire concerning our support of education
in The Gambia, comprising the ideas and suggestions made by the
listmembers in recent discussions.
There is a group of 20 (!) interested people who will put their heads
(virtually) together and present a draft proposal to the other
listmembers.
The questionnaire is sent to the entire list instead of the above
mentionned group only, as there are new members (and perhaps some of the
"old" ones, too?) who would like to join the "education group".
Your opinion is important for our future work, because the draft
proposal will be based on YOUR answers.
Thank you !!
Regards, Andrea
(for the ED-group)
Please don't send your reply to the List, but to Musa Sowe:
CHEMSM@PANTHER.GSU.EDU or simply click on the REPLY button (hope it
works ... my address should appear then ..)
********PLEASE RETURN BY APRIL 15th to CHEMSM@PANTHER.GSU.EDU*********
1. Which school(s) would you like to support?
(a) [ ] random selection
(b) [ ] urban area
(c) [ ] rural area
(d) [ ] primary school
(e) [ ] secondary school
(f) [ ] high school
(g) [ ] The Gambia College
(h) [ ] early childhood programme
2. What kind of support do you think would be most effective?
(a) [ ] providing text books
(b) [ ] providing other materials
(c) [ ] 'adopting' students
(d) [ ] donating awards
3. Shall we contribute on a
(a) [ ] occasional basis
(b) [ ] regular basis
4. Shall we
(a) [ ] set up an own procedure
[ ] on a formal basis (forming a legal body)
[ ] on informal basis
(b) [ ] link to an extisting organisation
[ ] Peace Corps
[ ] GAStech
[ ] Gambia Islamic Org. for technical training
[ ] The Gambian Org. in Bergen (Norway)
[ ] Gambias Venner (Danish Gambian Friendship
Soc.)
[ ] The Observer
[ ] Ministry of Education (Mrs. Jow)
[ ] (public) libary
[ ] NACOMM (National Communiquo)
[ ] Crossroads Anfrica Inc.
[ ] other, please state:
5. Should the local affiliate in The Gambia be
(a) [ ] the school administration
(b) [ ] a private person
(c) [ ] a public person
6. Do you know other people (non-members of Gambia-L) who are interested
in supporting our venture? Could you please provide them with the
questionnaire, lead the information back to us, keep these people
informed, resp. ?
(a) [ ] yes, .... people
(b) [ ] no
7. Apart from donations, what role should our organisation play
(a) [ ] Gather funds and materials to assist individuals
and
institutions in need.
(b) [ ] develop mentorship and guidance programs to prepare
kids for higher education
(c) [ ] Provide a forum through which matters relating to
advancement of the education in the Gambia can be
discussed and channeled to authorities in the Gambia
(d) [ ] other ideas, please state:
8. What kind of support could YOU give?
(a) [ ] providing text books
(b) [ ] providing other materials
(c) [ ] 'adopting' a student
(d) [ ] providing funds (please state approx. amount)
......$ [ ] regularly
......$ [ ] once
(e) [ ] participate in co-ordination,
(draft proposal, monitoring, setting up, realizing
the procedure, etc.)
..... hours per month
9. Any comments, ideas, critiques? Please elaborate!
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 08:16:35 -0700 (PDT)
From: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
To: binta@iuj.ac.jp
Cc: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>, ;
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <Pine.A41.3.95b.970409081510.42786C-100000@dante19.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
do you have nay more information about this "fact" that Gambia has a
proportionately higher rate of AIDS? Where do these data come from?
Intuitevely, it just does not sound right...what do others think? Ylva
On Wed, 9 Apr 1997 binta@iuj.ac.jp wrote:
> Jabou and Gambia-l,
>
> I like Jabou's explanation of the AIDS situation in Senegal and why it
> may be so low. But given the close reference she made to the Gambia,
> I became a bit confused. At a small seminar in Freetown in 1993, it
> was said that Gambia has one of the highest AIDS rates (in proportion
> to the total population) in West Africa. If that were true, then there
> is an explanatory problem. Is information availability a possible
> explanatory factor for the divergence, given that most other socio-
> cultural and religious factors in both Senegal and Gambia are the same?
>
> Lamin Drammeh.
>
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 11:22:58 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <9704091522.AA45060@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
GL,
Here is a report that you might find interesting......
Peace!
Moe S. Jallow
-----------------------------------------------------------
WCC REPORT DOCUMENTS OPPRESSION OF NIGERIA'S OGONI PEOPLE
The Ogoni people of Nigeria have suffered extensive
environmental pollution and political repression under the
military dictatorship of General Sani Abacha. The Ogoni crisis
attracted international attention in November 1995 when the
military government executed Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other
Ogoni environmentalists who were members of the Movement for
the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP).
Now this struggle has been exhaustively documented in a
special report published by the World Council of Churches
(WCC), "Ogoni: The Struggle Continues." Written by Dr. Deborah
Robinson of the WCC's Program to Combat Racism who visited
Ogoniland in 1996, the report includes detailed background on
the economic and political situation in Nigeria, a history of
the military dictatorship, and an extensive review of the role
of the oil industry in Nigeria's political economy.
The Ogoni people live in the oil-rich Niger Delta, a region
which has been heavily exploited by Shell and other
multinational oil companies, in cooperation with the
state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).
Oil exports provide roughly 90 percent of the foreign exchange
earnings of Nigeria's military government. The Ogoni and other
minority groups in the Delta realize little if any benefit
from these oil revenues.
The WCC report confirms MOSOP's claims of the environmental
devastation which oil production has inflicted on the people
of the Niger Delta. It includes evidence of oil spills, the
dumping of oil into waterways, continual flaring of waste gas,
and the hazardous above-ground oil pipes that crisscross the
region.
The report also describes in detail the Nigerian military's
efforts to suppress Ogoni protests. "A quiet state of siege
prevails even today in Ogoniland. Intimidation, rape, arrests,
torture, shooting and looting by the soldiers continue to
occur,'' Robinson writes. Her conclusions are supported by
interviews which provide first-hand accounts of beatings,
torture, and intimidation.
Churches have also been targeted by the Nigerian authorities.
Robinson heard many accounts of the harassment and arrest of
church leaders; one minister said sometimes pastors are told
what to preach and pray about.
In a preface to the report, the Rev. Dr. Sam Kobia, Director
of the WCC's Unit III (Peace, Justice and Creation), notes
that the Ogoni case highlights the deteriorating political
situation throughout Nigeria. The Ogoni have dared to stand up
for their rights, "even unto death" and "have borne the worst
brunt of the military repression."
Kobia says the report is a moral challenge to the
international community to do something about the situation:
"The time to show solidarity is now."
President Clinton imposed a range of sanctions on Nigeria
following the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa. These included
restrictions on arms sales, visas, and air traffic between the
United States and Nigeria.
Last year, Congress considered but did not act on legislation
which would have imposed more stringent sanctions on Nigeria.
The measures under consideration stopped short of a ban on the
importation of Nigerian oil. A November 1996 WCC meeting,
which brought together church representatives from Nigeria,
Europe, and North America, recommended a boycott of Nigerian
oil.
For information on availability of the report outside the
United States, contact Clement John, World Council of
Churches, Unit III, P.O. Box 2100, 1211 Geneva 2,
Switzerland; tel: +41-22-791-6111; fax: +41-22-791-0361;
e-mail: cj@wcc-coe.org.
In the U.S., copies of "Ogoni: The Struggle Continues" (106
pp.) are available from the Washington Office on Africa at
$5.00 each plus postage and handling ($2.50 for the first
copy, $1.00 for each additional copy).
To order, please complete the form below and return it with
payment to the Washington Office on Africa, 110 Maryland Ave.,
NE, #509, Washington, DC 20002. Please make checks payable to
WOA.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Please send me "Ogoni: The Struggle Continues."
_______ copies x $5.00 ea. = _______
Postage add: First copy = $2.50
_______ add'l copies x $1.00 = _______
Total enclosed: _______
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************************************************************
This material is produced and distributed by the Washington
Office on Africa (WOA), a not-for-profit church, trade union
and civil rights group supported organization that works with
Congress on Africa-related legislation. WOA's educational
affiliate is the Africa Policy Information Center (APIC).
Auto-response addresses for more information (send any e-mail
message): africapolicy-info@igc.apc.org (about the Africa
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(about WOA); apic
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 11:36:18 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List" <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9704091110.A18597-0100000@mach1.wlu.ca>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
I had read somewhere that ( or maybe heard ) that Gambia does have a high
AIDS rate as populations go..just like Lamin said. Let's face it.....our
illitracy rate is pretty high ( according to what I got off the internet)
and how many people are educated about AIDS and about getting check ups
and stuff like that?? Yes...we got a lot of education about AIDS, sex etc
in high school..but how many people go to high?? or listen to what is
being said because to some it"another talk or movie " we have to see.
or " as if they never had sex before they were married" this of course is
aimed at the teachers. Sooo I'm not sure how much of the info students
get at the high school level is really getting through......like I said
to some it's just another thing they cannot do hence why not " show them"???
( teachers and parents that is ). Also we forget that most of the
population is not in Banjul but in the rural areas ( am I wrong about this??)
Where people are trying to get books to learn....that is hard enough
and how much do teachers really care inorder to give them some social
education?????? With regards to the "sugar daddys"....I too would like to
believe that our men at home are Muslims....not only in name but in
practice too.....which I really don't think is true for most cases. I
whish I had figures but due to our culture etc surveys
Like "what do you think of extra marrrital sex?" for both men and women
will take a very long time to go through. I also know that a lot of women
tend to close their eyes to what men around them do " well he is a man
you know" tends to be the common saying. I think we should open our eyes
to what is happening in our beloved country and realise that some of the
changes that need to be made will take time due our culture and that we
are not as liberal as people in the west! Sorry this is a long message!!
Ancha.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 12:02:08 -0400
From: "Malanding S. Jaiteh" <msjaiteh@mtu.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: msjaiteh@mtu.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <199704091602.MAA06437@spruce.ffr.mtu.edu>
> From GAMBIA-L-owner@u.washington.edu Wed Apr 9 11:36:57 1997
> Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 11:22:58 -0400 (EDT)
> From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
> To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
> Subject: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
> Mime-Version: 1.0
> Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
> X-Listprocessor-Version: 8.1 beta -- ListProcessor(tm) by CREN
>
> GL,
>
> Here is a report that you might find interesting......
>
> Peace!
> Moe S. Jallow
> -----------------------------------------------------------
>
> WCC REPORT DOCUMENTS OPPRESSION OF NIGERIA'S OGONI PEOPLE
>
> The Ogoni people of Nigeria have suffered extensive
> environmental pollution and political repression under the
> military dictatorship of General Sani Abacha. The Ogoni crisis
> attracted international attention in November 1995 when the
> military government executed Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other
> Ogoni environmentalists who were members of the Movement for
> the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP).
>
> Now this struggle has been exhaustively documented in a
> special report published by the World Council of Churches
> (WCC), "Ogoni: The Struggle Continues." Written by Dr. Deborah
> Robinson of the WCC's Program to Combat Racism who visited
> Ogoniland in 1996, the report includes detailed background on
> the economic and political situation in Nigeria, a history of
> the military dictatorship, and an extensive review of the role
> of the oil industry in Nigeria's political economy.
>
> The Ogoni people live in the oil-rich Niger Delta, a region
> which has been heavily exploited by Shell and other
> multinational oil companies, in cooperation with the
> state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).
> Oil exports provide roughly 90 percent of the foreign exchange
> earnings of Nigeria's military government. The Ogoni and other
> minority groups in the Delta realize little if any benefit
> from these oil revenues.
> Churches have also been targeted by the Nigerian authorities.
> Robinson heard many accounts of the harassment and arrest of
> church leaders; one minister said sometimes pastors are told
> what to preach and pray about.
>
Once again I am tempted to ask a few questions. Is the problem in the Nigeria Delta region really a tribally motivated systematic persecution of a particular community or another show of bad governance that had plagued that country for the last 3 decades?
Malanding
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 09:06:36 -0700 (PDT)
From: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
To: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
Cc: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
Message-ID: <Pine.A41.3.95b.970409085318.42786F-100000@dante19.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: QUOTED-PRINTABLE
Now we know that our friend Basss has not been idle during his recent long
silence...:) A few questions/comments: (by the way, what does Lamb mean
when he calls African women "beeefy"?!!) As you all know by now, I am
extremely interested in the BAFROW campaign to approach female
circumcision in a culturally sensitive manner. I have, however, not been
very successful in corresponding with them this last year, and would like
to know if anyone on the list knows what is currently going on with that
campaign? Also,the appointment of the new Vice President is very
interesting in this context as she is, i believe, a former health activist
on the issue of female circumcision (did she not use to work for
GAMCOTRAP?)=20
Finally, i am still a bit confused about something that Bass writes, which
SOUNDS right but is not born out by what many people in gambia have told
me, and that is this whole issue of whether female circumcision has
anything to do with preserving chastity and controlling female sexuality
(Heidi, jump in anytime!) Although, i am most sympathetic to the view that
it is mostly Western feminists who argue against the practice on the
grounds of its effect on female sexual response, it is nonetheless a fact
that I hear very often in Gambia people say things like "If they don't go
to circumcision, they will be prostitutes" or "An uncircumcised woman will
run with too many men." Now, I am certainly not naive enough to think
that just because people tell a toubab this, it must be "the truth." On
the other hand, several of my (young, unmarried) female friends in Gambia
have told me that they themselves encounter these attitudes with some
frequency. They often talk about the struggle to prove that they are as
"virtuous" as the next person, althought they have--for whatever
reasons--come to oppose the practice of female genital cutting (I use this
term to distinguish it from the ritual complex which may perhaps be
retained in the campaign context). =20
I would really like to get some feed-back on this...! I would not be at
all surprised if some of these discourses, about female
chastity/promiscuity and how this all relates to having or not having gone
to circumcision. are more recent in origin and have a complex relationship
to Western influences such as "anti-FGM" propaganda, or tourism (the women
I talk to all live in Bakau, remember...)
Again, thank you for letting me participate in this forum. best, Ylva H.
On Mon, 8 Apr 1996, BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH wrote:
> MR. E.JAWARA & MIS. E. JANNEH!!
>=20
> CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
>=20
> "I am extremely interested in this issue ..... in which Colonized people
> now assaulted by modernity,Capitalism and Western Hegemony seek to
> retain ... or, it seems even to recreate - what has proven to be
> meaningful in their Culture. ......... only by providing a forum for
> Africans to plead their own case on this and other issues can we begin
> to approach any sort of balance in this inflammatory debate."
>=20
> Ylva Herlund =20
> (Member of Gambia-L) =20
>=20
> "The one constant amid the changes that are transforming the character
> of the continent is the role of the African woman,a person whose
> physical and spiritual strenght is nothing short of remarkable.More
> often than not she is uneducated,bare foot,stoop-shouldered and
> beefy.Her comforts are few,her burdens many. But if liberation means
> freedom to work,rather than FROM work, she is the world's most liberated
> woman."
>=20
> David
> Lamb =20
>=20
> So, this will now be our last episode on Circumcision .The first
> installment dealt with the History of this cultural practice and how is
> it that almost the whole world learnt it from the black people.The
> second one analyzed the philosophy and raison d'etre behind it.And the
> third episode dealt with the Pedadgogical and Social function of
> circumcision and how black people have used it through the ages as a
> vehicle to transmit their culture from the older to the younger
> generation.And in this final episode,we will try to articulate our own
> view about this age old practice and make a couple of comments in
> response to our critics.
>=20
> We will begin by saying that now that Science has discovered that many
> of our women who undergo Circumcision suffer various kinds of
> impairment, the excision itself that leads to such impairment can no
> longer be either desirable nor morally defensible.Such a position is
> based on two facts: 1) Our Ancestors who invented this cultural practice
> thousands of years ago did so,as we saw in the Black Cosmology,with the
> sole purpose of correcting what appeared to them at the time as a
> potential cause of enormous impairmnet for their progeny. 2) Despite
> what is so often parroted by many who should know better,Circumcision
> is neither a male conspiracy to control women nor used to regulate
> their sexual morality.The rude fact is that no Gambian man who knows
> that this practice infact reduces the excitement of sex for his partners
> would find it in his selfish interest to support it.And the morality
> argument is simply ridiculous,because even though Gambians have been
> practicing Circumcision for centuries,I don't think many Gambians would
> pass a morality test, if morality here means chastity,and that includes
> those who are circumcised,male and female;so,it would have been very
> clear by now that if the reason for circumcision was morality,then it is
> definitely not working.As for those who blame it on Islam,they simply
> have not done their history homework, because Islam cannot be
> retroactively responsible for something that had come thousands of years
> before it.
>=20
> So,after we have read our history properly; after we have known why this
> practice evolved in the first place;after we have known from science
> that the way this practice of ours is conducted defeats its very
> purpose, it would be just plain common sense on our part to heed calls
> for some needed changes.But we must hasten to add a word of caution
> here! There is a world of difference between wanting to effect some
> changes that would spare future Gambian women a lot of pain and
> impairment and conspiring to use the dark aspects of our culture as a
> pretext to dismantle our entire system and way of life in the name of
> 'the holy ghost':Modernity. We would not reap anything from modernity
> but alienation and neurosis if we have, in the process of achieving it,
> lost the very essence that makes us what we are as a people.So those of=
=20
> our brothers and sisters who parrot to us the West's anti-third world
> cultural practice rhetoric must know that they are either unthinkingly
> or unwittingly taking part in such a conspiracy.It is perfectly
> understandable why people whose culture and world view is so
> diametrically opposed to ours would want to destroy ours because their
> Capitalist Economic system has always had contempt for and problems
> thriving in Cultures that have Collectivistic tendencies .But what
> cannot be comprehended is the fact that many of our elites,potential
> leaders,pose a much more serious threat to our culture than our supposed
> detractors,because anyone of them could end up in a position of power
> and influence that could enable him/her to translate his/her dream of
> doing away with all 'our primitive' practices into reality. It is almost
> masochistic for us to hurl such revolting epithets like Barbaric,Archaic
> and Primitive to the very culture that makes us what we are.This is no
> attempt on my part to stifle debate or criticism of our culture,but just
> a humble contribution towards highlighting the often forgotten fact that
> our culture has no monopoly on getting some of its most cherished
> assumptions wrong.Western Culture is riddled with them,the overpowering
> nature of science in it notwithstanding.
>=20
> The Good News about the future status of women in the Gambia is
> that,despite the superimposition of Patriarchal tendencies that resulted
> from our contact with both the Europeans and Arabs,Gambian Culture is
> deep down=20
> NON-MISOGYNISTIC and because Gambian men in general do not really have a
> fear for nor ideologically opposed to the progress,development and
> elevation of women.That is because,as we saw in the Black
> Cosmology,there is nothing in it that remotely resembles the Arabs
> belief that a woman has only fifty percent of the moral and intellectual
> capacity of men, and the Western belief that woman was created with just
> a negligible portion - a rib - of a man's body.Surprisingly,such
> limiting notions about women still have some devastating attitudinal and
> social consequences for Gender Relations in those two cultures.Which
> Arab country,for instance,can do what Gambia has just done?! The number
> and nature of the Ministerial Portfolios
> given to the women in the present Gambian gorvernment is NO MEAN FEAT by
> any standard.The only Western Democracy that ever came close to that is
> Norway under its former Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland.But even
> Brundtland,with all her Scandanavian sense of fairness and
> egalitarianism, never came close to doing what we are witnessing in the
> present Gambian Government right now.As for Macho-America, it took her,
> with all the hype about the Greatest Democracy on the face of the earth,
> three hundred years to give the sensitive Secretarial Portfolios of
> Justice and External Affairs to Women.The most intriguing aspect of
> Gambia entrusting its parliament,Finance,Justice and Deputy Presidency
> to Women is not EVEN the Fact itself,but it is the fact that most
> Gambians don't even know or recognize that Women don't get such jobs and
> power in other places around the globe.In short,to them,this was not the
> kind of event NewsWeek Magazine should make a cover story out of.And
> yet, it is exactly that in other cultures.Remember the Celebratory Mood
> the U.S. Feminist Groups were in when Albright was given the State
> Department? To us it was not a BIG DEAL, because,as David Lamb says,it
> is the "Queen Mother",and not the village Chief that determines the line
> of decent in Black Africa.And that must, of course,be much more serious
> than Ministerial posts.=20
>=20
> Because Women were the founders of the Clans in Black Culture and
> therefore the GIVERS of tradition,they become by default Custodians of
> Gambian Culture.That is why almost all the traditional practices that,in
> these
> modern times,tend to hold back women are not,contrary the widely held
> view, male conspiracies against women,but an understandable reluctance
> on the part of our women themselves (grandmothers,mothers,aunts,
> sisters and mothers' in-law) to changes that they fear are a threat to
> their cherished ways of life.This explains absolutely clearly why female
> initiates still face razor blades in dark and insanitary rooms whilst
> most male=20
> initiates receive their cuttings in clinics.Our women have always been
> and are still the main guardians of our=20
> culture,they somehow have this unconscious feeling that ,they being the
> bedrock of our way of life, it is their
> moral responsibiltiy not to ' sell out' the way our men did by going to
> the White Man's clinic trying do something there that is essentially a
> black thing.To them, doing that would render the process empty of its
> spiritual content.So, it is definitely NOT,as some people
> insinuate,criminally intended to brutalize Gambia's female child while
> sending the male child to a fancy clinic! So, in our very difficult
> struggle to reconcile our black Essence with the reqirements of
> modernity, we ought to have a clear, positive and an appealing strategy
> that would enable us not only to get through to our women but also to
> put before them a substitute in which Gambia's female child's health
> interest would be protected while at the same time guaranteeing the
> presence of the rituals through which our value system could be
> transmitted to our young people.That is why all of us must salute and
> encourage the BAFROW experiment in the Gambia that Mis Herlund has
> informed us about on this List.It is indeed very inspiring and
> heartening to learn that there are people on the ground back home who
> have now come to the realisation that the RENDEZ-VOUS OF VICTORY that
> Fanon promised us a long time ago can come only after we have become
> absolutely comfortable with our Past and Essence,and that we can never
> become absolutely comfortable unless we can have the courage TO SING OUR
> OWN SONGS,as the UB40 has taught us,the way we want to sing them, and in
> the place and time that we want to sing them and not give a damn
> afterwards what other people think about them!
>=20
> =09=09=09=09=09=09 =
=
=20
> REGARDS BASSSS!!
> . =20
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
> --=20
> SZDD=88=F0'3Af=A8=03
>=20
>=20
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 09 Apr 1997 09:03:16 PDT
From: "Sirra Ndow" <sirra@hotmail.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Introduction - Part 2
Message-ID: <199704091603.JAA23121@f41.hotmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi everyone,
Yes, it's me again. I want to apologise for not including my email
address in my introduction mnessage. It was an oversite (I get all
sender's addresses automatically so I guess that's why).
My email address is:
sirra@hotmail.com
Keep in touch.
Sirra (Ousman) Ndow
---------------------------------------------------------
Get Your *Web-Based* Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
---------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 02:36:16 JST +900
From: binta@iuj.ac.jp
To: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
Cc: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <199704091729.CAA22707@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII
Yvla,
Thanks for writing. Unfortunately, I do not have the kind of information you asked for.
If I had, I wouldn't have sent my posting without it. In any case, I was a guest at this small
seminar organised by the Rotary Club of Freetown in 1993. The speaker named a
couple of countries in West Africa which supposedly have proportionately higher rates
of Aids infection. The watchword here is PROPORTION, but I, who knows little or
nothing about AIDS statistics in Africa, could neither accept nor reject what he said.
I hope this throws some light on my 'source'. The authenticity of the above statement
is open to challenge, particularly from someone with more reliable data. Can someone
on the List be of help?
But if Gambia and Senegal are similar in many ways, which is in fact the case, there must
be other reasons to explain for any divergence in their AIDS infection rates, right?
Lamin.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 13:35:51 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <970409133545_-1837852553@emout14.mail.aol.com>
Well Ancha and Latir,
Your points are well taken.The point you raised,Latir, about there being two
sets of prostitutes: those that cater to the tourists and those who cater to
the local market that do not have the means to be "sugar dadies" to the young
women, or older ones for that matter, is very true ,and is a good point that
I failed to take into account.This segment of the population that patronizes
the local market are a group that could contribute to the spread of this
disease in our country, because they could pass on infection to unsuspecting
women they eventually marry, or may not even realize themselves that they are
infected.Then there is Ancha's point that we tend to have the attitude that
"men will be men " when it comes to sexual promiscuity and extra marital
affairs. I guess I deliberately skirted this issue to avoid all the men
jumping on that one, but as she noted, this is very rampant back home.I have
learned to keep my big mouth shut over the years concerning this very
issue.I see this going on with the husbands of many people I know but of
course I was often warned by my mother not to be the cause of divorces .
These wandering husbands are certainly a potential source for the spread of
AIDS much as we hate to say this.Whenever I see a situation like that, the
first thing that comes to my mind is the risk of them contacting and
infecting their spouses as well as children these wives may give birth to.As
a matter of fact, an individual I knew (a Gambian) contacted this virus and
infected his two wives.He eventually died and l do not know what happened to
the wives. The problem of illiteracy is definitely a big factor as Ancha
pointed out.Educating the public about this disease and also making quality
education available to everyone will no doubt be vey beneficial, but people
in the society also need to start being morally responsible because failure
to do so will result in many an innocent life being lost to this epidemic.
What a price to pay!
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 09 Apr 1996 20:54:31 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: "GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU" <GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU>
Subject: Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
Message-ID: <316AA457.7789@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Ylva Hernlund wrote:
>
> Now we know that our friend Basss has not been idle during his recent long
> silence...:) A few questions/comments: (by the way, what does Lamb mean
> when he calls African women "beeefy"?!!) As you all know by now, I am
> extremely interested in the BAFROW campaign to approach female
> circumcision in a culturally sensitive manner. I have, however, not been
> very successful in corresponding with them this last year, and would like
> to know if anyone on the list knows what is currently going on with that
> campaign? Also,the appointment of the new Vice President is very
> interesting in this context as she is, i believe, a former health activist
> on the issue of female circumcision (did she not use to work for
> GAMCOTRAP?)
>
> Finally, i am still a bit confused about something that Bass writes, which
> SOUNDS right but is not born out by what many people in gambia have told
> me, and that is this whole issue of whether female circumcision has
> anything to do with preserving chastity and controlling female sexuality
> (Heidi, jump in anytime!) Although, i am most sympathetic to the view that
> it is mostly Western feminists who argue against the practice on the
> grounds of its effect on female sexual response, it is nonetheless a fact
> that I hear very often in Gambia people say things like "If they don't go
> to circumcision, they will be prostitutes" or "An uncircumcised woman will
> run with too many men." Now, I am certainly not naive enough to think
> that just because people tell a toubab this, it must be "the truth." On
> the other hand, several of my (young, unmarried) female friends in Gambia
> have told me that they themselves encounter these attitudes with some
> frequency. They often talk about the struggle to prove that they are as
> "virtuous" as the next person, althought they have--for whatever
> reasons--come to oppose the practice of female genital cutting (I use this
> term to distinguish it from the ritual complex which may perhaps be
> retained in the campaign context).
> I would really like to get some feed-back on this...! I would not be at
> all surprised if some of these discourses, about female
> chastity/promiscuity and how this all relates to having or not having gone
> to circumcision. are more recent in origin and have a complex relationship
> to Western influences such as "anti-FGM" propaganda, or tourism (the women
> I talk to all live in Bakau, remember...)
> Again, thank you for letting me participate in this forum. best, Ylva H.
>
> On Mon, 8 Apr 1996, BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH wrote:
>
> > MR. E.JAWARA & MIS. E. JANNEH!!
> >
> > CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
> >
> > "I am extremely interested in this issue ..... in which Colonized people
> > now assaulted by modernity,Capitalism and Western Hegemony seek to
> > retain ... or, it seems even to recreate - what has proven to be
> > meaningful in their Culture. ......... only by providing a forum for
> > Africans to plead their own case on this and other issues can we begin
> > to approach any sort of balance in this inflammatory debate."
> >
> > Ylva Herlund
> > (Member of Gambia-L)
> >
> > "The one constant amid the changes that are transforming the character
> > of the continent is the role of the African woman,a person whose
> > physical and spiritual strenght is nothing short of remarkable.More
> > often than not she is uneducated,bare foot,stoop-shouldered and
> > beefy.Her comforts are few,her burdens many. But if liberation means
> > freedom to work,rather than FROM work, she is the world's most liberated
> > woman."
> >
> > David
> > Lamb
> >
> > So, this will now be our last episode on Circumcision .The first
> > installment dealt with the History of this cultural practice and how is
> > it that almost the whole world learnt it from the black people.The
> > second one analyzed the philosophy and raison d'etre behind it.And the
> > third episode dealt with the Pedadgogical and Social function of
> > circumcision and how black people have used it through the ages as a
> > vehicle to transmit their culture from the older to the younger
> > generation.And in this final episode,we will try to articulate our own
> > view about this age old practice and make a couple of comments in
> > response to our critics.
> >
> > We will begin by saying that now that Science has discovered that many
> > of our women who undergo Circumcision suffer various kinds of
> > impairment, the excision itself that leads to such impairment can no
> > longer be either desirable nor morally defensible.Such a position is
> > based on two facts: 1) Our Ancestors who invented this cultural practice
> > thousands of years ago did so,as we saw in the Black Cosmology,with the
> > sole purpose of correcting what appeared to them at the time as a
> > potential cause of enormous impairmnet for their progeny. 2) Despite
> > what is so often parroted by many who should know better,Circumcision
> > is neither a male conspiracy to control women nor used to regulate
> > their sexual morality.The rude fact is that no Gambian man who knows
> > that this practice infact reduces the excitement of sex for his partners
> > would find it in his selfish interest to support it.And the morality
> > argument is simply ridiculous,because even though Gambians have been
> > practicing Circumcision for centuries,I don't think many Gambians would
> > pass a morality test, if morality here means chastity,and that includes
> > those who are circumcised,male and female;so,it would have been very
> > clear by now that if the reason for circumcision was morality,then it is
> > definitely not working.As for those who blame it on Islam,they simply
> > have not done their history homework, because Islam cannot be
> > retroactively responsible for something that had come thousands of years
> > before it.
> >
> > So,after we have read our history properly; after we have known why this
> > practice evolved in the first place;after we have known from science
> > that the way this practice of ours is conducted defeats its very
> > purpose, it would be just plain common sense on our part to heed calls
> > for some needed changes.But we must hasten to add a word of caution
> > here! There is a world of difference between wanting to effect some
> > changes that would spare future Gambian women a lot of pain and
> > impairment and conspiring to use the dark aspects of our culture as a
> > pretext to dismantle our entire system and way of life in the name of
> > 'the holy ghost':Modernity. We would not reap anything from modernity
> > but alienation and neurosis if we have, in the process of achieving it,
> > lost the very essence that makes us what we are as a people.So those of
> > our brothers and sisters who parrot to us the West's anti-third world
> > cultural practice rhetoric must know that they are either unthinkingly
> > or unwittingly taking part in such a conspiracy.It is perfectly
> > understandable why people whose culture and world view is so
> > diametrically opposed to ours would want to destroy ours because their
> > Capitalist Economic system has always had contempt for and problems
> > thriving in Cultures that have Collectivistic tendencies .But what
> > cannot be comprehended is the fact that many of our elites,potential
> > leaders,pose a much more serious threat to our culture than our supposed
> > detractors,because anyone of them could end up in a position of power
> > and influence that could enable him/her to translate his/her dream of
> > doing away with all 'our primitive' practices into reality. It is almost
> > masochistic for us to hurl such revolting epithets like Barbaric,Archaic
> > and Primitive to the very culture that makes us what we are.This is no
> > attempt on my part to stifle debate or criticism of our culture,but just
> > a humble contribution towards highlighting the often forgotten fact that
> > our culture has no monopoly on getting some of its most cherished
> > assumptions wrong.Western Culture is riddled with them,the overpowering
> > nature of science in it notwithstanding.
> >
> > The Good News about the future status of women in the Gambia is
> > that,despite the superimposition of Patriarchal tendencies that resulted
> > from our contact with both the Europeans and Arabs,Gambian Culture is
> > deep down
> > NON-MISOGYNISTIC and because Gambian men in general do not really have a
> > fear for nor ideologically opposed to the progress,development and
> > elevation of women.That is because,as we saw in the Black
> > Cosmology,there is nothing in it that remotely resembles the Arabs
> > belief that a woman has only fifty percent of the moral and intellectual
> > capacity of men, and the Western belief that woman was created with just
> > a negligible portion - a rib - of a man's body.Surprisingly,such
> > limiting notions about women still have some devastating attitudinal and
> > social consequences for Gender Relations in those two cultures.Which
> > Arab country,for instance,can do what Gambia has just done?! The number
> > and nature of the Ministerial Portfolios
> > given to the women in the present Gambian gorvernment is NO MEAN FEAT by
> > any standard.The only Western Democracy that ever came close to that is
> > Norway under its former Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland.But even
> > Brundtland,with all her Scandanavian sense of fairness and
> > egalitarianism, never came close to doing what we are witnessing in the
> > present Gambian Government right now.As for Macho-America, it took her,
> > with all the hype about the Greatest Democracy on the face of the earth,
> > three hundred years to give the sensitive Secretarial Portfolios of
> > Justice and External Affairs to Women.The most intriguing aspect of
> > Gambia entrusting its parliament,Finance,Justice and Deputy Presidency
> > to Women is not EVEN the Fact itself,but it is the fact that most
> > Gambians don't even know or recognize that Women don't get such jobs and
> > power in other places around the globe.In short,to them,this was not the
> > kind of event NewsWeek Magazine should make a cover story out of.And
> > yet, it is exactly that in other cultures.Remember the Celebratory Mood
> > the U.S. Feminist Groups were in when Albright was given the State
> > Department? To us it was not a BIG DEAL, because,as David Lamb says,it
> > is the "Queen Mother",and not the village Chief that determines the line
> > of decent in Black Africa.And that must, of course,be much more serious
> > than Ministerial posts.
> >
> > Because Women were the founders of the Clans in Black Culture and
> > therefore the GIVERS of tradition,they become by default Custodians of
> > Gambian Culture.That is why almost all the traditional practices that,in
> > these
> > modern times,tend to hold back women are not,contrary the widely held
> > view, male conspiracies against women,but an understandable reluctance
> > on the part of our women themselves (grandmothers,mothers,aunts,
> > sisters and mothers' in-law) to changes that they fear are a threat to
> > their cherished ways of life.This explains absolutely clearly why female
> > initiates still face razor blades in dark and insanitary rooms whilst
> > most male
> > initiates receive their cuttings in clinics.Our women have always been
> > and are still the main guardians of our
> > culture,they somehow have this unconscious feeling that ,they being the
> > bedrock of our way of life, it is their
> > moral responsibiltiy not to ' sell out' the way our men did by going to
> > the White Man's clinic trying do something there that is essentially a
> > black thing.To them, doing that would render the process empty of its
> > spiritual content.So, it is definitely NOT,as some people
> > insinuate,criminally intended to brutalize Gambia's female child while
> > sending the male child to a fancy clinic! So, in our very difficult
> > struggle to reconcile our black Essence with the reqirements of
> > modernity, we ought to have a clear, positive and an appealing strategy
> > that would enable us not only to get through to our women but also to
> > put before them a substitute in which Gambia's female child's health
> > interest would be protected while at the same time guaranteeing the
> > presence of the rituals through which our value system could be
> > transmitted to our young people.That is why all of us must salute and
> > encourage the BAFROW experiment in the Gambia that Mis Herlund has
> > informed us about on this List.It is indeed very inspiring and
> > heartening to learn that there are people on the ground back home who
> > have now come to the realisation that the RENDEZ-VOUS OF VICTORY that
> > Fanon promised us a long time ago can come only after we have become
> > absolutely comfortable with our Past and Essence,and that we can never
> > become absolutely comfortable unless we can have the courage TO SING OUR
> > OWN SONGS,as the UB40 has taught us,the way we want to sing them, and in
> > the place and time that we want to sing them and not give a damn
> > afterwards what other people think about them!
> >
> >
> > REGARDS BASSSS!!
> > .
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> > SZDDˆð'3Af¨
> >
> >
YLVA!!
WELL,I AM NOT A BIG FAN OF David Lamb,SO I DON'T THINK I CAN BE VERY
FAIR TO HIM IN INTERPRETING HIS WORK.HOWEVER,I THINK IT WOULD BE CLOSE
TO BEING FAIR IN SAYING THAT WHAT HE MEANS BY THE African Women Being
Beeeeefy IS THAT THEY ARE NOT THE SKINNNNY, SLIMMMY TYPE HE IS USED TO
BACK IN Los Angeles,Calif.
YOU ARE NOT THE ONLY ONE CONFUSED BY HOW MOST GAMBIANS ERRONEOUSLY
EXPLAIN CIRCUMCISION AS A DETERRRENCE FOR PROMISCUITY.THE FACT OF THE
MATTER IS THAT SUCH RATIONALE CAME WITH ISLAM AND NOT,AS WE SAW IN THE
BLACK COSMOLOGY,WITH CIRCUMCISION INITIALLY.I ONCE WATCHED A DOCUMENTARY
ABOUT FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN THE GAMBIA ON SWEDISH TV.IN WHICH, TO
DISMAY, THE Nghansimbaa HERSELF GAVE SUCH A RATIONALE AS THE REASON WHY
SHE WOULD RATHER DIE THAN STOP BECAUSE SOME WHITE PEOPLE DON'T APPROVE.
SO,WHILE I ADMIRED HER COURAGE AND DIGNITY,I WAS SHOCKED BY HER
IGNORANCE OF THE REAL REASON FOR THE NEED TO CIRCUMCISE GAMBIAN GIRLS.
REGARDS BASSSS!!
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 11:09:46 -0700 (PDT)
From: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
To: binta@iuj.ac.jp
Cc: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <Pine.A41.3.95b.970409110819.61320A-100000@dante14.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
thanks for the reply. I have absolutely no expertise in this area, but
it just does not SOUND right somehow....what do you all say about the
anecdotal evidence? do you hear about many cases of AIDS in Gambia?
On Thu, 10 Apr 1997 binta@iuj.ac.jp wrote:
> Yvla,
>
> Thanks for writing. Unfortunately, I do not have the kind of information you asked for.
> If I had, I wouldn't have sent my posting without it. In any case, I was a guest at this small
> seminar organised by the Rotary Club of Freetown in 1993. The speaker named a
> couple of countries in West Africa which supposedly have proportionately higher rates
> of Aids infection. The watchword here is PROPORTION, but I, who knows little or
> nothing about AIDS statistics in Africa, could neither accept nor reject what he said.
>
> I hope this throws some light on my 'source'. The authenticity of the above statement
> is open to challenge, particularly from someone with more reliable data. Can someone
> on the List be of help?
>
> But if Gambia and Senegal are similar in many ways, which is in fact the case, there must
> be other reasons to explain for any divergence in their AIDS infection rates, right?
>
> Lamin.
>
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 11:14:00 -0700 (PDT)
From: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
To: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
Cc: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>, ;
Subject: Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
Message-ID: <Pine.A41.3.95b.970409111104.61320B-100000@dante14.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
what was the documentary you saw on Swedish TV? did it have anything to do
with Alice Walker's film Warrior Marks? as for the rest, I'm not sure we
can talk about "real" reasons, here...realities change as perceptions do.
If people feel that today they do X because of Y, then that is a present
day reality, regardless of the fact that they used to do X because of Z
(or W because of Y or...) What do you think, Basss? Ylva
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 15:21:46 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List" <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: new member introduction ,Steven Fox
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9704091552.A15281-0100000@mach1.wlu.ca>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Hello Steven,
I guess has already beaten me in asking you about your research.
I was also curious about the type of research you were conducting in The
Gambia and your findings. I really would appreciate knowing what your
findings are. Thanks,
Ancha.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 15:18:55 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <9704091918.AA30846@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Malading, you wrote:
> Once again I am tempted to ask a few questions. Is the problem in the Nigeria Delta region really a tribally motivated systematic persecution of a particular community or another show of bad governance that had plagued that country for the last 3 decade
s?
>
Malanding,
Ofcourse, we must hold just our governmental leaders accountable, but our leaders
in industry, business and finance must be responsible as well. How can Abacha and
his goons allow Shell Oil to build faulty, cheap oil pipelines in Nigeria, which
ruin farmland and villages, then stand silently while those who protest are
persecuted, raped and murdered?
The threat to the Ogoni people started when Shell discovered oil there in 1958.
Since Nigeria was still under British colonial rule, the Ogoni had no
say in the oil exploitation. With the coming of independence in 1960 the Ogoni
have never had an effective say in Nigerian politics since they are a minority
ethnic group.
What more can the Ogoni people do so as to deserve basic human rights protection
from their government? Since the leaders refuse to impose oil sanctions, should
we not care about what happens to our neighbours? The rule of the military in
Nigeria must end, and steps must be taken to redress minority grievances about
injustices of the Nigerian leaders. Exploitation of the Nigerian people and the
Nigerian environment must be addressed by the world powers if there is to be a
resolution.
I've said it before and will say it again: SHELL OIL CO. IS EVIL!!!!
Moe S. Jallow
==============================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 13:36:37 -0600
From: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: inquiries into Dr. Fox's research
Message-ID: <97040913363746@venus.nmhu.edu>
I am hesitant to send this message through the list as I have quickly learned
that one is flooded with irrelevant information. So, please forgive any stress
I may be causing some of you. In any event, a number of people have made
inquiry into my research at Buiba and I would be glad to reply - but please do
not inquire through the list but contact me directly using the address I
provided in my introduction: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu Also, those persons
who have inquired through the list failed to provide me with personal addresses
and I will not respond via the list for the sake of others. So, Jabou and
Ancha, provide me with addresses. Thank you, Steve Fox
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 15:45:59 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List" <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9704091559.A15281-0100000@mach1.wlu.ca>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
I think the only way Shell will start drilling oil in an environmentally
friedly manner is when the Nigerian Government decides that "the outsider
" is doing more harm than good. But the problem as can be seen everywhere
in the continent is that our leaders want to fill their pockets and then
run away like Jarbou said. The nigerian government is getting at least
50% of the profits that Shell makes. Of when I say the government it also
includes most of the elites that are also profitting from this deal. With
the money they're all making without getting their hands dirty ( except
when they have to quieten down some the "insignificant" people down), I
just don't see them caring about anyone else but themselves!! Of course
Shell is also has some important people on their sides because they have
donated a lot of money (millions) for school and hospitals to be built.
Of course the people don't see that the amount they're getting is nothing
compared to the profit that shell makes and the major environmental
problems that will arise ( the oil and all the chemicals they use are
pretty persistent in the environment and takes millions to clean up). Let
us not forget this is also everyone in West Africas problem. I don't know
how the bodies of water are interlinked but when those chemicals start to
migrate then we're all in trouble....drinking water etc.
Basically, unless the military leaves and civilians who really care about
the people ( and are not there to finish off what the military started),
this problem in mainly Nigeria at the moment but also in Africa will
continue.
Ancha.
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 16:10:56 -0400 (EDT)
From: ndeye marie njie <njie.1@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu>,
ndeye.marie.njie@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Humourous Phone messages (fwd)
Message-ID: <2.2.16.19970409151035.21efb904@postbox.acs.ohio-state.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
>
>Gambia-l:
Thought you might enjoy this
>
>
> * A is for academics,
> B is for beer.
> One of those reasons is why we're not here.
> So leave a message.
>
> * Hi. This is John
> If you are the phone company, I already sent the money.
> If you are my parents, please send money.
> If you are my financial aid institution, you didn't lend me enough
> money.
> If you are my friends, you owe me money.
> If you are a female, don't worry, I have plenty of money.
>
> * Hi. I'm probably home, I'm just avoiding someone I don't like.
> Leave me a message, and if I don't call back, it's you.
>
> * Please leave a message. However, you have the right to remain
> silent. Everything you say will be recorded and will be used by
> us.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
-----------------------------------
N'Deye Marie N'Jie
Graduate Research Associate
The Ohio State University
ESGP/ Dept. of Food, Agric. & Biol. Engineering
590 Woody Hayes Drive, Rm 254
Columbus, OH 43210
Fax: (614)292-9448
Phone: (614) 688-3445 (W)
E-mail: njie.1@osu.edu
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 15:51:31 -0700 (PDT)
From: "A. Loum" <tloum@u.washington.edu>
To: Gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New member
Message-ID: <Pine.OSF.3.95.970409155012.6409B-100000@saul2.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Alhagie Mbowe has been added to the list. We welcome him and will be
looking forward to his introduction and contributions.
Thanks
Tony
========================================================================
Anthony W Loum tloum@u.washington.edu
Supervisor, Business Administration Library 206-543-4360 voice
100 Balmer Hall 206-685-9392 fax
University of Washington
Box 353200
Seattle, Wa.98195-3200
=========================================================================
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 1997 19:07:52 -0400 (EDT)
From: fatima phall <fphall1@gl.umbc.edu>
To: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List" <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: New member -Reply
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.95.970409185251.25B-100000@umbc10.umbc.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Hey Naffie,
It's good to have an old classmate on the list . Welcome aboard.
Fatima
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 8 Apr 97 17:43:16 -0500
From: Francis Njie <francis_njie@il.us.swissbank.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Getting on to the demo page
Message-ID: <9704082243.AA02200@new_delhi>
Mime-Version: 1.0 (NeXT Mail 3.3risc v124.8483.5)
Content-Type: text/plain
'observer' (with a small 'o') in the address will now also work...
i.e.
http://www.xsite.net/~c3p0/observer
is also valid...
- Francis
Begin forwarded message:
Date: Tue, 08 Apr 1997 18:19:28 -0400
Reply-To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Sender: GAMBIA-L-owner@u.washington.edu
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List"
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Getting on to the demo page
X-To: Gambia-L <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.0b2 (Win95; I)
X-Priority: 3 (Normal)
X-Listprocessor-Version: 8.1 beta -- ListProcessor(tm) by CREN
Some members have been experiencing problems gaining access to the
Observer Online demo page. The page is located at:
http://www.xsite.net/~c3p0/Observer
Please note that in the address it is "c3p0", (that is c-three-p-ZERO)
as in the character (robot) in the film Star Wars.
Also note the "squigly" character, "~", that comes after "net/" in the
address. It is located on your keyboard before the "1" key.
Peace.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 09 Apr 1997 20:26:27 -0400
From: Naffie Jammeh <nj368917@gwmail.kysu.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New member -Reply
Message-ID: <s34bfba4.034@gwmail.kysu.edu>
Is this Alagie Mbowe in Atlanta? Omar Ceesay's
co-worker at the Standard Chartered Bank in Banjul?
Just verifying.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 00:18:25 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <970410001824_-799777231@emout05.mail.aol.com>
I say that if Shell Oil co. was committing these atrocities in any country
in the Western world, then the so called super powers would have brought
untold sanctions to bear. However, this is Africa we are talking about and we
all know very well that the West views us as dispensable.
Jabou.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 08:44:11 +0200
From: Abdou Gibba <Abdou.Gibba@smr.uib.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour'
Message-ID: <2.2.32.19970410064411.006c0bfc@golf.uib.no>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
At 05:30 09.04.97 -0400, Latir wrote:
>
>On the issues raised about faith, sexual activity and adultery, I'm
>almost afraid to comment. In fact, I am afraid.
COME ON; GIVE IT A TRY, LAT!
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS AND LONG TIME GAMBIA-LERS. KEEP THE LIFE ON GAMBIA-L.
VERY INTERESTING TOPICS GOIN' ON. AM CAUGHT UP WITH SOME WORK RECENTLY BUT
WILL BE BACK SOON.
KEEP UP THE FAITH
::)))Abdou Oujimai
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 09:09:49 +0200
From: Abdou Gibba <Abdou.Gibba@smr.uib.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: CIRCUMCISION REVISITED - CONCLUSION
Message-ID: <2.2.32.19970410070949.006d4cb8@golf.uib.no>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
At 09:06 09.04.97 -0700, YLVA HERLUND wrote:
>
>Finally, i am still a bit confused about something that Bass writes, which
>SOUNDS right but is not born out by what many people in gambia have told
>me, and that is this whole issue of whether female circumcision has
>anything to do with preserving chastity and controlling female sexuality
YLVA! AM SURE MY LEARNED FRIEND BASS HAVE COVERED MOST ISSUES ON THIS TOPIC
AND SO NEED I NOT TO GO OVER THAT AGAIN. JUST TO RESPOND TO YOUR QUESTION
ABOVE, THE ANSWER IS NO, NO, NO,.... "WE" ARE NOT "BARBARIC" AS SOME MEMBERS
DISAPPOINTINGLY MAINTAINED. BESIDES, IF THIS WAS THE CASE, THE SAME REASON
SHOULD ACCOUNT FOR MALE CIRCUMCISION, THEREBY BRINGING BOTH MALE AND FEMALE
AT A "WIN-WIN" OR "LOSS-LOSS" SITUATION. MAY BE ITS ABOUT TIME TO DIG EVEN
DEEPER FOR THE REASONS. HOPE I SOUND REASONABLE.
ALL THE BEST!
::)))Abdou Oujimai
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 17:55:23 JST +900
From: binta@iuj.ac.jp
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <199704100849.RAA00788@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII
Gambia-l
Every country must learn to set up its own national policies and
priorities, and get them enforced.
Shell is just another company maximising its profits. And if that
happens to be at the detriment of the host country and its citizens,
the national authorities, and hardly anyother outside entity, must be
held accountable for failing to act. For example, Holland looks after
her interest just as much as Malaysia does. Now how comes Nigeria
cannot enforce adherence to high environmental standards? Greed?
We do not have to look elsewhere to apportion blame. Africans must
learn to clean their houses. Our erstwhile scape-goat, the Cold War,
is no more; the temptation to bash out at the West for our woes is
becoming untenable. Asians are increasingly taking care of their
domestic problems, why not us? Imagine that while Africa accounts for
10.1% of world population, it contributes a paltry 1.1% to world
output (Development and Finance, March 1997).
Lamin Drammeh.
------------------------------
Date: 10 Apr 1997 15:55:39 +0200
From: "Ba-Musa Ceesay" <Ba-Musa.Ceesay@Oslo.Norad.telemax.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu (Receipt notification requested)
Subject: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <post.ut334ce348*/c=NO/admd=Telemax/prmd=Norad/o=Oslo/s=Ceesay/g=Ba-Musa/@MHS>
Content-Identifier: post.ut334ce348
Content-Return: Prohibited
MIME-Version: 1.0
DUAL CITIZENSHIP AND THE RIGHT TO VOTE FOR GAMBIANS LIVING ABROAD
The Gambian Associations in Scandinavia have been co-operating in
socio-cultural matters at bilateral level for several years. A meeting was
organised on 16th march and 26 april 1991 attended by most of the Gambian
Associations in Scandinavia. The first meeting discussed a wide range of
issues from illicit drug trafficking , abuse to banking and postal
services and dual citizenship. A number of other proposals, requests and
suggestions were made to be communicated to the Gambia government. This is
due to the realisation of necessity for all peoples to continuously relate
to their government and other aspects of their backgrounds.
The main issues and supportive arguments were taken up with the then
Minister of Information and Tourism James Gaye and the then Director of
Tourism Alhagi Tijan Nyang who were attending the Gambian Cultural Week
organised every summer by the Gambian Association in Oslo. A working
coommittee was formed and a letter documenting the requests was written
and sent to the former Gambia Government on 23.8.91. with copies to Mr
Gaye and Mr Nyang. There was no acknowledgment of reciept of this
communication and government`s intended line of action in general.
Again on the 6.2.95 a petition to renew efforts from 1991 was sent to the
AFPRC for government to favourably consider passing legislation to enable
all Gambians,their children and descendents to be able to adopt other
countries without the dilemma of having to renounce their original (and
only real) political identity. This was signed by 10 organisations in
scandinavia .
The following reasons were stated for consideration and action:
1. Many persons of Gambian descent have in recent years felt compelled to
adopt the nationality of their European countries of residence as the most
practical solution for the attainment of civic and social security.
Examples are certain positions in government (both local and central),
commerce and industry which cannot be entrusted to foreign nationals.
2. Those who have given up their Gambian nationality for the above reasons
are usually haunted by intense feeling of deserting their heritage. It is
problematic for individuals to feel that they have to justify such a
practical action for the rest their lives.
3. Europe is now closing it`s doors tighter than ever before. The Gambia`s
non-visa agreement with most countries in the European Union has been
abbrogated by individual countries. The many bureaucratic hurdles in the
way of obtaining a visa to make a week-end in Denmark is an example that
intensifies the individual needs for adopting their host countries as
permanent solutions.
4. The majority of Gambains, including those who have become the citizens
of other countries, continue to have relations with the country in the
form of investment e.g. building houses, commercial transactions and
remittance to relations. In other words we would all like to sustain our
relations with and within the country at various levels.
5. Countries like Morroco ,Nigeria and others in Africa are examples of
African countries which have adopted the pricipal of dual citizenship to
safeguard the interest of their peoples.
We are still waiting for a reply. It`s frustrating not to recieve even
an acknowlgment from the Gambia Government.
The Gambian Association is planning to send a new reminder including the
right to vote in general elections for Gambians living abroad to the new
Gambia Government and hopefully they will respond. Another suggestion is
to write to individual members of parliament informing them to take up the
issue of dual citizenship and the right to vote in general elections. What
do you think?
Ba-Musa Ceesay
NORAD
Norway
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 15:03:16 +-200
From: "Matarr M. Jeng." <mmjeng@image.dk>
To: "'The Gambia And Related Issues Mailing List.'"
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re:Gambia Education
Message-ID: <01BC45C2.CF3EC2A0@mmjeng>
MIME-Version: 1.0
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Please pen me in Iam intrested.
Greetings.
Matarr M. Jeng.
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------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 09:38:13 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <9704101338.AA25326@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
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Lamin Drammeh wrote:
> Gambia-l
>
> Shell is just another company maximising its profits. And if that
> happens to be at the detriment of the host country and its citizens,
> the national authorities, and hardly anyother outside entity, must be
> held accountable for failing to act. For example, Holland looks after
> her interest just as much as Malaysia does. Now how comes Nigeria
> cannot enforce adherence to high environmental standards? Greed?
>
> We do not have to look elsewhere to apportion blame. Africans must
> learn to clean their houses. Our erstwhile scape-goat, the Cold War,
> is no more; the temptation to bash out at the West for our woes is
> becoming untenable. Asians are increasingly taking care of their
> domestic problems, why not us? Imagine that while Africa accounts for
> 10.1% of world population, it contributes a paltry 1.1% to world
> output (Development and Finance, March 1997).
Lamin,
These may be fine sentiments but a long way from our political reality
today in Black Africa. We, as people, still want basic human rights
protections, or else we will be doomed to the destiny of evil. How can you
really accept the argument that the only good is what is good for
business, regardless of the cost in human lives? Do you really think that
if we allow such persecution to happen to our neighbors that anyone will
later prevent it from happening to us?
I don t know the answer but it vitally important to intensify
international pressure in Nigeria. The execution of Ken Saro Wiwa and his
eight followers, for instance, led to the suspension of Nigeria from the
Commonwealth. Whilst this is an encouraging first step, it is hardly felt
by the military regime.
I simply believe that pressure in the form of suspension from the UN, and
economic sanctions need to be imposed on Nigeria. As anyone knows, the
Nigerian dictatorship relies on its oil revenue to survive. A boycott of
Nigerian oil is vitally needed and Continuous pressure on Nigeria must be
kept up until such time as Nigeria is fully democratised. A similar
international boycott campaign could force Shell Nigeria to break its
alliance with the Nigerian dictatorship.
Besides the immediate aim of putting pressure on the Nigerian
dictatorship, the role that Shell has played must be highlighted. This is
not the first time Shell has been involved in human rights abuse - Shell
fueled the Apartheid police force in the 1970s, and used precisely the
same arguments to justify its inaction then as now. A boycott of Shell
must include pressurising Shell to formally take responsibility for the
political and environmental reprecussions of its actions, wherever they
may take place. Shell's actions are indicative of the nature of
transnational corporations whose actions denote a hypocritical approach to
the value of human life and the environment. Such actions, as in Ogoni,
would be unthinkeable in the 'developed' countries of the West who buy
most of Shell's oil.
Regards,
Moe S. Jallow
================================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 10:05:31 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Africa: NGO Statement to Denver Summit (fwd)
Message-ID: <9704101405.AA42244@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
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The following is the Executive Summary of a statement drafted
by the NGO Africa Trade Policy Working Group. The working
group is a coalition of Washington, DC-based non-governmental
organizations.
The working group has argued that trade initiatives must be part of
comprehensive social and economic development efforts
if they are to achieve broad-based, sustainable economic
growth. The group's statement identifies key elements of a
comprehensive policy. It is addressed to the leaders of the
industrialized nations who will be meeting in Denver,
Colorado, June 20-23.
The full statement is available on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.igc.apc.org/apic/denver/denindex.htm
*************************************************************
RECOGNIZING AFRICA'S SUCCESS, FACILITATING AFRICAN INITIATIVE
Executive Summary
-----------------
Africa is poised at the brink of a "second independence," a
wave of political, social, and economic change which may
enable her peoples to transform societies distorted for
generations by colonial conquest and superpower confrontation.
The United States and other industrialized countries must
discover ways of facilitating African efforts without imposing
their own agendas. In anticipation of the 1997 Economic Summit
in Denver, Colorado, we urge the participating leaders to be
guided by the following general principles in their
consideration of policies affecting African nations:
* Recognize responsibility, interdependence, and shared
interests
Assistance should not be seen as "charity." The legacies of
colonialism and the Cold War have given unique dimensions to
the social and developmental challenges which African
countries face. Former colonial and Cold War powers must
acknowledge a moral obligation to assist Africans in
overcoming these obstacles. At the same time, we must
recognize that in an increasingly interconnected world, a
peaceful and prosperous Africa is in the best interests of all
nations.
* Support African initiatives
Africans are involved in an impressive range of initiatives,
often at the community level, to tackle local social and
economic problems. The primary objective of industrialized
nations should be to support and facilitate African
initiatives; enhance local institutional capacity for policy
research, analysis, and design; strengthen local control and
transparency of program implementation and management; and
encourage the emergence of regional networks.
* Give priority to economically poor majorities
The vast majority of Africans have limited economic resources.
Policies and program should be explicitly designed to promote
broad-based economic growth and address the needs of the
poorest and most marginalized sectors of African societies.
They should focus on creating opportunities for people,
individually and collectively, to utilize their non-financial
resources to achieve economic advancement.
* Emphasize sustainability
Sustainability must become a central criterion for the
assessment of all economic and social policy, not just in
Africa but around the world. Sustainable human development
improves living standards for all people on a stable and
equitable basis while protecting the environment and resource
base for future generations.
* Coordinate and consult
Africa policy development within industrialized nations should
be serious, systematic, and informed by African perspectives
from a broad cross-section of social and economic sectors.
Policy makers should emphasize coordination, not only within
their respective governments, but also among governments both
G-7 and African and between governments and multilateral
institutions in order to promote strategic and effective
deployment of resources.
* Adopt a holistic approach
Africa policy should be holistic and integrated, maximizing
the complementarity of programs and minimizing the risk that
initiatives in one realm will be thwarted by actions (or
inaction) in another. Comprehensive policy must blend a range
of instruments including aid, trade, investment, and debt
reduction. In addition, it must recognize the need for
interaction among economic, political, and social initiatives,
and carefully assess the differential impact of such
initiatives across lines of gender, ethnicity, class, location
(urban/rural), productive sector, etc.
* Challenge stereotypes
Officials of industrialized nations must reexamine their own
assumptions about Africa and must also challenge their
citizens to do so through extensive public education. Africa
policy should be designed to highlight the continent's
diversity, combat stereotypes, and promote creative and varied
interaction between the peoples of Africa and other
continents.
In addition, we offer specific recommendations to G-7 leaders
and US officials in particular with respect to debt,
development aid, food security, trade and investment, and
conflict resolution. These include:
Policy Development
------------------
Acknowledge and strengthen emerging regional networks within
Africa and build their policy research, design, and analysis
and management capacities around permanent and accountable
local institutions and personnel.
Debt
----
Recognize the HIPC Initiative as a valuable step forward and
enhance its relevance and effectiveness, in particular by
increasing the resources available for debt reduction and
accelerating the implementation schedule. The Initiative's
impact on Uganda, the first beneficiary nation in Africa, has
been disappointing, due to the small amount of funding being
spread over a period of three years.
Development Aid
---------------
Reaffirm the continuing need for development assistance that
is focused on poverty reduction, supports efficient and
sustainable programs, enhances local and popular control over
development agendas, and promotes gender equity.
Agriculture and Food Security
-----------------------------
Support research and investment to enhance Africa's
agricultural capacity while continuing to provide aid to meet
food security goals. Fulfill commitment to implement fully
the Marrakesh Decision to protect food security in nations
adversely affected by the Uruguay Round amendments to GATT.
Trade and Investment
--------------------
Introduce new mechanisms to promote trade with and investment
in African nations in ways that are explicitly designed to
reduce poverty, provide benefits and opportunities to the most
economically marginalized groups, build reciprocal
relationships, and promote regional networks.
Conflict Resolution
-------------------
Expand dialogue with African nations to identify the most
appropriate ways for industrialized nations to facilitate
African peacekeeping initiatives; endorse a comprehensive
global ban on anti-personnel landmines and a Code of Conduct
for arms sales.
Drafting Committee: Ray Almeida, Bread for the World * Maura
Browne, Africa Faith and Justice Network * Carol Capps, Church
World Service/Lutheran World Relief * Marc Cohen, Bread for
the World Institute * Jo Marie Greisgraber, Center of Concern
* Mark Harrison, United Methodist Church, General Board of
Church & Society * Elena McCollim, Center of Concern * Terence
Miller, Maryknoll Justice and Peace Office * Aliyah Nuri,
InterAction * Gmakhan Sherman, Church World Service/Lutheran
World Relief * Douglas Tilton, Washington Office on Africa.
************************************************************
This material is produced and distributed by the Washington
Office on Africa (WOA), a not-for-profit church, trade union
and civil rights group supported organization that works with
Congress on Africa-related legislation. WOA's educational
affiliate is the Africa Policy Information Center (APIC).
------------------------------------------------------------
-Moe
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 16:39:52 +0200
From: Andrea Klumpp <klumpp@kar.dec.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Gambia Education
Message-ID: <334CFBB8.1D5F@kar.dec.com>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Matarr,
Thanks for your mail. Unfortunately I can't open the attached file.
Please help!!
Greetings,
Andrea
Matarr M. Jeng. wrote:
>
> Please pen me in Iam intrested.
>
> Greetings.
> Matarr M. Jeng.
>
> ---------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Part 1.2 Type: application/ms-tnef
> Encoding: base64
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 23:33:12 JST +900
From: binta@iuj.ac.jp
To: Modou Jallow <mjallow@st6000.sct.edu>
Cc: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <199704101420.XAA04408@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII
Moe,
I cannot agree with you more. Without doubt, Nigeria still needs to
explain why Ken and his people suffered the way they did. When
I learnt about his death, I was shocked and dumbfounded--Africans
killing their brethren for seeking justice.
It is fine that you do not agree with some of what I said, but my view
is that the Nigerian leadership must take blame for letting Shell do
what havoc it continues to wreak on innocent Nigerians who hardly
benefit from the oil feast. But tell me, why is it 'unthinkable'for
Shell to carry out such dastardly acts in the 'West'? That is because
the leadership in those countries generally have their nations at
heart and are responsible to the people. Secondly, why do we even
have to bring in the West into this problem? It is my thinking that
if the Nigerian governement is serious about environmental upgradation,
Shell would have no choice but play by the rules. Remember, Shell is
in Nigeria because it is in their interest to be there. Nigeria has
the larger bargaining power, unless it is squandered.
Yes, more pressure should be put on the Nigerian government, but why
are sanctions against the country not forthcoming? Other nations are
protecting their interests, so must Nigeria.
Finally, I hope other governments guard against what happened in
Nigeria. I sympathise with the Ogoni people in every way. Shell has
a social responsibility, but the government of Nigeria a legal, moral,
political, and economic responsibility to the people of Nigeria.
BTW, Nigeria may not be alone in this. Other African governments have
been criticised in the past for accepting money in exchange for the
dumping of toxic waste in their territories. When shall we learn?
Lamin Drammeh.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 16:37:17 +-200
From: "Matarr M. Jeng." <mmjeng@image.dk>
To: "'The Gambia And Related Issues Mailing List.'"
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Cc: "'The Gambia And Related Issues Mailing List.'"
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re:Gambian Education.
Message-ID: <01BC45CD.8FF76A60@globip101.image.dk>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="---- =_NextPart_000_01BC45CD.8FF76A60"
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Please pen me in Iam intrested.
Greetings.
Matarr M. Jeng.
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------ =_NextPart_000_01BC45CD.8FF76A60--
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 10:35:04 EST
From: "Alhagi Marong" <marong_a@LSA.Lan.McGill.CA>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <199704101445.KAA22412@sirocco.CC.McGill.CA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Dear list members,
I have read the interesting contributions by other list members
to this debate. In my view it has to do with more than just economic
greed or political hypocrisy. The African continent and the West
African sub-region in particular is part of the competition in the
global market to attract foreign direct investment. Hence the
prevalent investment policies and lax regulatory regimes to make
domestic markets a favourable spot to attract foreign capital,
ostensibly for the socio-economic development of the host states. It
is for these reasons that inter alia after the partial drying up of
western country donor funds especially with the collapse of communism
in the late 80s and early 90s and the consequent diversion of the
western dollars to the emergent states of the East, most African
countries turned to promotion of Foreign direct investment as a
source of capital for various development objectives. Hence the
proliferation of investment codes in several countries during this
period.
Most of these codes offered extensive fiscal and other
attractive incentives to multinational enterprises from tax holidays
to customs duty allowances, free convertibilty of and repatriation of
profits etc. Alas however what lots of governments did not do was to
secure reciprocal cocessions from these enterprises in the form
schemes to ensure the protection of the environment, transfer of
technology, manpower trainning and development, and generally
assuming an equitable counterpoise to the incentive regimes.
This may explain the attitude of enterprises like Shell Co.
My view is that even though arguably some African countries need
multinational dollars to fund development schemes, (and this may not
be entirely true if our own 'African' dollars had not been
extensively looted), investment regulation in Africa should also
focus on promoting a concept of good corporate citizenship among
multinationals for the dollars may not always be worth more than
protecting our own environment and the lives of our citizens. Maybe
Sarowiwa would have been alive today!
Alaji Marong
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 08:36:21 -0700 (PDT)
From: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
To: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <Pine.A41.3.95b.970410083259.25724L-100000@dante27.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
I am curious about the other end of things, in Sweden at least. It is my
understanding (as a Swedish citized but holder of an American green card)
that SWEDEN does not accept dual citizenship (unless from birth) which is
why I have held on to my Swedish passport during 15 years in the United
Staes. This may have changed, and things might be different in Norway,
denmark etc. but if not,working on the Gambian end does not seem to be
sufficient...Any Swedish/gambians out there who know? Ylva (who has not
voted in over ten tears, as Swedish voting rights go by residency,
American ones by citizenship and people like me get stuck in between with
no right to vote anywhere...)
On 10 Apr 1997, Ba-Musa Ceesay wrote:
>
> DUAL CITIZENSHIP AND THE RIGHT TO VOTE FOR GAMBIANS LIVING ABROAD
>
> The Gambian Associations in Scandinavia have been co-operating in
> socio-cultural matters at bilateral level for several years. A meeting was
> organised on 16th march and 26 april 1991 attended by most of the Gambian
> Associations in Scandinavia. The first meeting discussed a wide range of
> issues from illicit drug trafficking , abuse to banking and postal
> services and dual citizenship. A number of other proposals, requests and
> suggestions were made to be communicated to the Gambia government. This is
> due to the realisation of necessity for all peoples to continuously relate
> to their government and other aspects of their backgrounds.
> The main issues and supportive arguments were taken up with the then
> Minister of Information and Tourism James Gaye and the then Director of
> Tourism Alhagi Tijan Nyang who were attending the Gambian Cultural Week
> organised every summer by the Gambian Association in Oslo. A working
> coommittee was formed and a letter documenting the requests was written
> and sent to the former Gambia Government on 23.8.91. with copies to Mr
> Gaye and Mr Nyang. There was no acknowledgment of reciept of this
> communication and government`s intended line of action in general.
>
> Again on the 6.2.95 a petition to renew efforts from 1991 was sent to the
> AFPRC for government to favourably consider passing legislation to enable
> all Gambians,their children and descendents to be able to adopt other
> countries without the dilemma of having to renounce their original (and
> only real) political identity. This was signed by 10 organisations in
> scandinavia .
>
> The following reasons were stated for consideration and action:
>
> 1. Many persons of Gambian descent have in recent years felt compelled to
> adopt the nationality of their European countries of residence as the most
> practical solution for the attainment of civic and social security.
> Examples are certain positions in government (both local and central),
> commerce and industry which cannot be entrusted to foreign nationals.
> 2. Those who have given up their Gambian nationality for the above reasons
> are usually haunted by intense feeling of deserting their heritage. It is
> problematic for individuals to feel that they have to justify such a
> practical action for the rest their lives.
> 3. Europe is now closing it`s doors tighter than ever before. The Gambia`s
> non-visa agreement with most countries in the European Union has been
> abbrogated by individual countries. The many bureaucratic hurdles in the
> way of obtaining a visa to make a week-end in Denmark is an example that
> intensifies the individual needs for adopting their host countries as
> permanent solutions.
> 4. The majority of Gambains, including those who have become the citizens
> of other countries, continue to have relations with the country in the
> form of investment e.g. building houses, commercial transactions and
> remittance to relations. In other words we would all like to sustain our
> relations with and within the country at various levels.
> 5. Countries like Morroco ,Nigeria and others in Africa are examples of
> African countries which have adopted the pricipal of dual citizenship to
> safeguard the interest of their peoples.
> We are still waiting for a reply. It`s frustrating not to recieve even
> an acknowlgment from the Gambia Government.
> The Gambian Association is planning to send a new reminder including the
> right to vote in general elections for Gambians living abroad to the new
> Gambia Government and hopefully they will respond. Another suggestion is
> to write to individual members of parliament informing them to take up the
> issue of dual citizenship and the right to vote in general elections. What
> do you think?
>
> Ba-Musa Ceesay
> NORAD
> Norway
>
>
>
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 18:04:16 +0200
From: Andrea Klumpp <klumpp@kar.dec.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: HIV in Senegal and Gambia (was: SENEGAL-POPULATION: 'Risky Behaviour)
Message-ID: <334D0F80.3A2@kar.dec.com>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Gambia-L,
we are having an expert in this topic on the List, Omar Saho who is
working in the deptartment for STD & HIV at the Olafia Clinic in Oslo.
I'm sure he's well informed and will throw some light on the issue as
soon as he's back from The Gambia .. and ploughed through his mails ...
Greetings, Andrea
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 19:28:59 +0200
From: mmjeng@inform-bbs.dk (Matarr Jeng)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Message-ID: <0.59521587@inform-bbs.dk>
Gambia Education
Please pen me in Iam intrested.
Greetings.
Matarr M. Jeng
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 14:18:42 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <334D2F02.6244@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Ylva Hernlund wrote:
>
> I am curious about the other end of things, in Sweden at least. It is my
> understanding (as a Swedish citize[n] but holder of an American green card)
> that SWEDEN does not accept dual citizenship (unless from birth) which is
> why I have held on to my Swedish passport during 15 years in the United
I take it then that in Sweden, as in many other countries, if one
naturalizes as a citizen in another country then they lose their
original citizenship. This is the case in the Gambia but what about
attaining citizenship in two countries by birth as opposed to
naturalization? Ylva, says this is permitted in Sweden and, from what I
know, this is the case in many countries. Is it also the case in the
Gambia?
The laws are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and there is a tendency
back home to lump both types together, whether justified or not. The
Gambian Associations in Scandinavia seems to be working on changing the
law to permit the former, that is allowing Gambians to naturalize abroad
and retain their Gambian citizenship, but there is no mention of the
latter case.
Can anyone shed light on this?
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 97 15:44:26 EDT
From: "Numukunda Darboe" <ndarboe@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <ndarboe.1211089106A@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
>Ylva Hernlund wrote:
>>
>> I am curious about the other end of things, in Sweden at least. It is my
>> understanding (as a Swedish citize[n] but holder of an American green card)
>> that SWEDEN does not accept dual citizenship (unless from birth) which is
>> why I have held on to my Swedish passport during 15 years in the United
>
>I take it then that in Sweden, as in many other countries, if one
>naturalizes as a citizen in another country then they lose their
>original citizenship. This is the case in the Gambia but what about
>attaining citizenship in two countries by birth as opposed to
>naturalization? Ylva, says this is permitted in Sweden and, from what I
>know, this is the case in many countries. Is it also the case in the
>Gambia?
>
>The laws are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and there is a tendency
>back home to lump both types together, whether justified or not. The
>Gambian Associations in Scandinavia seems to be working on changing the
>law to permit the former, that is allowing Gambians to naturalize abroad
>and retain their Gambian citizenship, but there is no mention of the
>latter case.
>
>Can anyone shed light on this?
>
>Lat
>
I don't understand how one can be a citizen of two different countries by
birth. May be you and I both have miscontrued what Ylva inteded to relay. I
think it is practically impossible to be dual citizen by birth unless there
is another definition of citizenship by birth.
Numukunda
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 97 15:46:20 EDT
From: "Numukunda Darboe" <ndarboe@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <ndarboe.1211089220B@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
>Ylva Hernlund wrote:
>>
>> I am curious about the other end of things, in Sweden at least. It is my
>> understanding (as a Swedish citize[n] but holder of an American green card)
>> that SWEDEN does not accept dual citizenship (unless from birth) which is
>> why I have held on to my Swedish passport during 15 years in the United
>
>I take it then that in Sweden, as in many other countries, if one
>naturalizes as a citizen in another country then they lose their
>original citizenship. This is the case in the Gambia but what about
>attaining citizenship in two countries by birth as opposed to
>naturalization? Ylva, says this is permitted in Sweden and, from what I
>know, this is the case in many countries. Is it also the case in the
>Gambia?
>
>The laws are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and there is a tendency
>back home to lump both types together, whether justified or not. The
>Gambian Associations in Scandinavia seems to be working on changing the
>law to permit the former, that is allowing Gambians to naturalize abroad
>and retain their Gambian citizenship, but there is no mention of the
>latter case.
>
>Can anyone shed light on this?
>
>Lat
>
I don't understand how one can be a citizen of two different countries by
birth. May be you and I both have misconstrued what Ylva inteded to relay. I
think it is practically impossible to be dual citizen by birth unless there
is another definition of citizenship by birth.
Numukunda
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 13:57:53 -0700 (PDT)
From: Ylva Hernlund <yher@u.washington.edu>
To: Numukunda Darboe <ndarboe@sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu>
Cc: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>, ;
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <Pine.A41.3.95b.970410134923.19622B-100000@dante31.u.washington.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
In the case of Sweden it used to be that if you had two parents of
different nationalities you could have two passports till the age of
majority, i.e. 18, then you had to choose one or the other (and a lot of
guys chose the other than Swedish one, so they wouldn't be drafted into
the Swedish military...). Now it has changed so that at adulthood you do
not HAVE to give one up, but it is judged on a case to case basis. In the
case of my daughter, for ex., her mother is a Swedish citizen, her father
an American, she was born in the US (which makes her American both onthe
grounds of jus sange and jus sole or whatever it is those two are
called...). When she turns 18, she will have to go in for some sort of
interview in Sweden to argue why (if she choses to remain American) she
should be allowed to retain her Swedish citizen ship as well: language
ability, family in Sweden, having lived there, that sort of thing. This
is at least the information I was given in 1993 when I visited Sweden and
got my daughter registered there ("personnummer" and so on). iT may have
changed again. In the case of Norway, I think they allow more than two, I
used to have a good friend who carried passports from Norway, United
States and Venezuela.....Ylva
In this context also...I remember reading in the Observer in Gambia last
summer that Gambia was offering "honorary" citizenship to all
African-Americans who came for the Rootsfestival. Does anyone know if
this "means" anything legally, or is just a tourist marketing ploy...and
how would THIS interact with all these other things (my daughter would now
be up to three passports...)
On Thu, 10 Apr 1997, Numukunda Darboe wrote:
>
> >Ylva Hernlund wrote:
> >>
> >> I am curious about the other end of things, in Sweden at least. It is my
> >> understanding (as a Swedish citize[n] but holder of an American green card)
> >> that SWEDEN does not accept dual citizenship (unless from birth) which is
> >> why I have held on to my Swedish passport during 15 years in the United
> >
> >I take it then that in Sweden, as in many other countries, if one
> >naturalizes as a citizen in another country then they lose their
> >original citizenship. This is the case in the Gambia but what about
> >attaining citizenship in two countries by birth as opposed to
> >naturalization? Ylva, says this is permitted in Sweden and, from what I
> >know, this is the case in many countries. Is it also the case in the
> >Gambia?
> >
> >The laws are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and there is a tendency
> >back home to lump both types together, whether justified or not. The
> >Gambian Associations in Scandinavia seems to be working on changing the
> >law to permit the former, that is allowing Gambians to naturalize abroad
> >and retain their Gambian citizenship, but there is no mention of the
> >latter case.
> >
> >Can anyone shed light on this?
> >
> >Lat
> >
>
> I don't understand how one can be a citizen of two different countries by
> birth. May be you and I both have miscontrued what Ylva inteded to relay. I
> think it is practically impossible to be dual citizen by birth unless there
> is another definition of citizenship by birth.
>
> Numukunda
>
>
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 17:27:40 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <334D5B4C.6CB9@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Numukunda Darboe wrote:
> I don't understand how one can be a citizen of two different countries by
> birth. May be you and I both have misconstrued what Ylva inteded to relay. I
> think it is practically impossible to be dual citizen by birth unless there
> is another definition of citizenship by birth.
Perhaps I got the term confused.
What I was referring to, and thought Ylva meant, was for example when a
child has parents from two different countries or, as in my case, a
child is born in a country other then his or her parents. In most
countries, including Gambia, a child is entitled to citizenship as a
birth right rather than naturalization, if his or her parents are
citizens of that country. That is what I meant as dual citizenship by
birth.
I wanted to know is if there is a provision in Gambian law that permits
one to retain dual citizenship on this bases rather than the cases that
The Gambian Associations in Scandinavia have taken issue with.
I have always assumed that Gambian law only dealt with the issue of
naturalization until last year when I brought the issue to the attention
of Immigration officials at Yundum Airport. They believed that dual
citizenship was not allowed at all but unfortunately, and sadly, they
were not sure. Officials at the Electoral Commission on the other hand
thought otherwise and allowed dual citizens to register for voters
cards.
Perhaps you might have information that can clarify the issue.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 17:45:56 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <334D5F94.27D0@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Ylva Hernlund wrote:
> In this context also...I remember reading in the Observer in Gambia last
> summer that Gambia was offering "honorary" citizenship to all
> African-Americans who came for the Rootsfestival. Does anyone know if
> this "means" anything legally, or is just a tourist marketing ploy...and
> how would THIS interact with all these other things (my daughter would now
> be up to three passports...)
I don't know about this particular case but in in the first
African/African-African American Summit in Cote D'Iviore, the Ivorian
government surprised everyone by passing a law that made it possible for
African-Americans to acquire legal citizenship in that country if they
made a small investment in the country, like buying a property, etc.
In the next summit, Jawara surprised everyone again by handing over
Gambian passports to Dr. Sullivan, one of the main organizers of the
event and someone who was involved in Gambian-American affairs, and his
wife.
I would think that this could be the root of the policy Ylva mentioned.
As for the legality of this "honorary citizenship", I am not sure but I
too heard about it. With the next "Roots Festival" coming up in couple
of months, it should not be too difficult to find out.
Peace.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 18:37:59 +0800 (SGT)
From: Senessie Turay <9210077@talabah.iiu.my>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen. Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.3.91.970410174822.6130B-100000@talabah.iiu.my>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Ylva, I know of Honourable Louis Farrakhan and some of his senior members
of Nation of Islam as bearers of Gambian pass port. I met with the black
leader when he visited Malaysia last year and delivered a key note speech
about the struggle of African American at the International Islamic
University's mosque. After performing noon prayer with the faithfuls, some
of the members told us that they had been well received and treated nicely
by the Gambian government and its people. Not only that but they had also
obtained Gambian citizenship as well. Mr. Farrakhan said his visit to the
Gambia, Turkey and Malaysia aims at strengthening the universal muslim
brotherhood and fighting against tyrants. He however praised Sani Abacha
of Nigerian for demonstrating good leadership qualities and keeping the
Nigerian unity at all cost.
Sanusi.
On Thu, 10 Apr 1997, Ylva Hernlund wrote:
> In the case of Sweden it used to be that if you had two parents of
> different nationalities you could have two passports till the age of
> majority, i.e. 18, then you had to choose one or the other (and a lot of
> guys chose the other than Swedish one, so they wouldn't be drafted into
> the Swedish military...). Now it has changed so that at adulthood you do
> not HAVE to give one up, but it is judged on a case to case basis. In the
> case of my daughter, for ex., her mother is a Swedish citizen, her father
> an American, she was born in the US (which makes her American both onthe
> grounds of jus sange and jus sole or whatever it is those two are
> called...). When she turns 18, she will have to go in for some sort of
> interview in Sweden to argue why (if she choses to remain American) she
> should be allowed to retain her Swedish citizen ship as well: language
> ability, family in Sweden, having lived there, that sort of thing. This
> is at least the information I was given in 1993 when I visited Sweden and
> got my daughter registered there ("personnummer" and so on). iT may have
> changed again. In the case of Norway, I think they allow more than two, I
> used to have a good friend who carried passports from Norway, United
> States and Venezuela.....Ylva
> In this context also...I remember reading in the Observer in Gambia last
> summer that Gambia was offering "honorary" citizenship to all
> African-Americans who came for the Rootsfestival. Does anyone know if
> this "means" anything legally, or is just a tourist marketing ploy...and
> how would THIS interact with all these other things (my daughter would now
> be up to three passports...)
>
> On Thu, 10 Apr 1997, Numukunda Darboe wrote:
>
> >
> > >Ylva Hernlund wrote:
> > >>
> > >> I am curious about the other end of things, in Sweden at least. It is my
> > >> understanding (as a Swedish citize[n] but holder of an American green card)
> > >> that SWEDEN does not accept dual citizenship (unless from birth) which is
> > >> why I have held on to my Swedish passport during 15 years in the United
> > >
> > >I take it then that in Sweden, as in many other countries, if one
> > >naturalizes as a citizen in another country then they lose their
> > >original citizenship. This is the case in the Gambia but what about
> > >attaining citizenship in two countries by birth as opposed to
> > >naturalization? Ylva, says this is permitted in Sweden and, from what I
> > >know, this is the case in many countries. Is it also the case in the
> > >Gambia?
> > >
> > >The laws are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and there is a tendency
> > >back home to lump both types together, whether justified or not. The
> > >Gambian Associations in Scandinavia seems to be working on changing the
> > >law to permit the former, that is allowing Gambians to naturalize abroad
> > >and retain their Gambian citizenship, but there is no mention of the
> > >latter case.
> > >
> > >Can anyone shed light on this?
> > >
> > >Lat
> > >
> >
> > I don't understand how one can be a citizen of two different countries by
> > birth. May be you and I both have miscontrued what Ylva inteded to relay. I
> > think it is practically impossible to be dual citizen by birth unless there
> > is another definition of citizenship by birth.
> >
> > Numukunda
> >
> >
>
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 23:26:19 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <970410232310_384531846@emout09.mail.aol.com>
Latir,
I am not sure about the issue of dual citizenship in Gambia but a few years
ago, we were headed for the Gambia via London and went to the Gambian embassy
to get a visa for my former husband and our children who hold American
passports. They gave him a visa but told me that if l wanted, they could
merely add my children's names to my passport since their mother is a
Gambian. I was told this by the consular officer who then added their names
to my passport.This is how they have entered the country on every visit
since. They knew the kids held American passports.
Jabou.
Jabou
------------------------------
|
 |
|
|
Momodou
Denmark
11511 Posts |
Posted - 19 Jun 2021 : 16:04:19
|
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 1997 23:43:32 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Survey on Support of Education in The Gambia
Message-ID: <970410234112_283337755@emout17.mail.aol.com>
My answers to the education survey are as follows:
1. a
2.a,b,c,d
3.b
4.a
5.b
6.a
7.a,c
8.d,e $25, 5hours.
Jabou.
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 00:59:50 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <334DC546.3A4B@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Gunjur@aol.com wrote:
> merely add my children's names to my passport since their mother is a
> Gambian. I was told this by the consular officer who then added their names
> to my passport.This is how they have entered the country on every visit
> since. They knew the kids held American passports.
Yeah, this is the problem I was getting at. What happens when your
children visit the Gambia and are too old to have their names on your
passport? Obviously they are Gambian. Will they be issued Gambian
passports or will they have to get visas on their American passports?
There seems to be a conflict in policy on the side of the Immigration
department that I believe should be resolved so that all officials are
aware of the exact policy. As more and more Gambians begin to reside
and bear children abroad, the problem becomes more and more popular.
My personal position, which is somewhat biased given my status, is that
the laws are there to prevent proper or real foreigners from attaining
Gambian citizenship and passports. As usual, there is poor
implementation of this law because it was probably ill conceived and
lacking provisions for cases like these.
While people like Louis Farrakhan and Dr. Sullivan hold so-called
"Honorary" passports, Babanding Sissoho holds a proper Gambian passport,
and a diplomatic one at that. It will be interesting to see if that is
the only one he holds or more precisely, if he was forced to drop his
Malian citizenship when he "became" a Gambian.
Peace.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 14:20:46 JST +900
From: binta@iuj.ac.jp
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd: Re: Politics This Week (April 4th - April 10th 1997)
Message-ID: <199704110513.OAA10910@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp>
MIME-Version: 1.0
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---128--902889126-78669:#1270611968
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I hope some of us will be interested in subscribing to this
resourceful newsletter.
Lamin.
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Message-Id: <199704110218.LAA09126@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp>
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 11:27:30 JST +900
From: mankata@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp
Reply-To: mankata@mlsv.iuj.ac.jp
Subject: Re: Politics This Week (April 4th - April 10th 1997)
To: chacko, jer979, hana, tanglin, judy, vbim, natesan, jethani, rash, malinda,
akumi@usaid.gov, binta
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On Thu, 10 Apr 1997 22:01:13 +0100, The Economist wrote...
>
>********************************************************************
>Welcome to Politics This Week (April 4th - April 10th 1997)
>A summary of the world's main events from The Economist
>Also available at http://www.economist.com/
>********************************************************************
>
>Contents
>1. Politics This Week
>2. Information about this newsletter
>
>
>HELP FOR ALBANIA
>A humanitarian force of 6,000 soldiers, with Italy, France and Greece
>to the fore, is due to start arriving in Albania to distribute food and
>medicine. But the refusal of Italy's Refounded Communists to back the
>mainly Italian plan almost brought down Romano Prodi's centre-left
>coalition government.
>
>Germany's finance minister, Theo Waigel, denied that he had hinted at
>loosening the criteria which European Union countries must meet to join
>the proposed single currency in 1999. The German chancellor, Helmut
>Kohl, who now says he will run for re-election, repeated his
>determination to help bring in the euro on time.
>
>Dutch diplomats said an extra summit of EU leaders might have to take
>place next month in an effort to break deadlock over talks to reform
>the Union in order to enlarge it to the east. The 15 members are
>supposed to agree to the reforms at a grand summit in Amsterdam in June.
>
>Russia's foreign minister, Yevgeny Primakov, said that President
>Yeltsin might go to Paris next month to sign an accord between Russia
>and NATO. The Russians are hinting that, if the alliance promises not
>to build new bases or keep troops permanently on new members' land,
>they might accept NATO's planned eastward enlargement.
>
>Slovakia recalled its ambassador to the Czech Republic in a huff after
>Vaclav Havel, the Czech president, said that Slovakia's prime minister,
>Vladimir Meciar, was paranoid about his country's likely failure to
>join NATO.
>
>The higher-education gap between men and women in the European Union
>has closed, according to EU statistics. Germany has the lowest
>proportion of women at university (73 to every 100 men); Portugal the
>highest (132 to 100). Some traditions, however, persist: four times as
>many men as women study engineering and architecture.
>
>Days after bringing chaos to the mainland of Britain with bombs that
>closed much of the motorway network in the Midlands, the IRA, with
>coded bomb warnings, prevented the running of the Grand National, the
>world's greatest steeplechase. It was run two days later.
>
>NEGATIVE ACTION
>A federal appeals court, over-ruling a lower court, says that
>California's Proposition 209 is legal: voters can stop affirmative-
>action schemes which allocate jobs or school places by race or sex.
>
>Already 57 bills designed to control election spendinghave been put
>forward in the new Congressbut more than two-thirds of Americans think
>that neither President Clinton nor Congress really wants to change
>things.
>
>The American federal government will hand over to the Nixon Library the
>presidential papers and records seized when Richard Nixon had to resign
>in 1974, and will pay his estate $26m in return for control of the
>library.
>
>A Thunderbolt ground-attack aircraft and its bomb-load vanished over
>Arizona. Had its pilot defected?
>
>Less than 15% of Haitians cast votes in legislative and local council
>elections; some polling stations recorded no votes. The stay-away was
>blamed on apathy and on disillusionment with democracy as living
>standards continue to fall.
>
>The Brazilian government set up a human-rights commission and declared
>torture illegal after a critical human-rights report coincided with
>television pictures showing Brazilian policemen beating up civilians.
>
>IRAN BLAMED
>A German court found leading members of the Iranian government guilty
>of ordering or approving the assassination of four Iranian Kurds in a
>Berlin cafe in 1992. Iran's top religious and political leaders, Mr
>Khamenei and Mr Rafsanjani, were identified by their position, though
>not by name; strong repercussions in German-Iranian relations were
>expected.
>
>Binyamin Netanyahu, on a visit to Washington, rejected Bill Clinton's
>plea to stop building a new Jewish settlement in East Jerusalem.
>Palestinians continued their protests and street battles, particularly
>in Hebron. Three Palestinians were killed by Israeli soldiers
>and settlers.
>
>The World Health Organisation, the UN's Children's Fund and the UN
>Population Fund launched a joint campaign to end female genital
>mutilation, still widely practised in parts of Africa and the
>Middle East.
>
>Rebels in Zaire captured the diamond mining town of Mbuji-Mayi and
>Lubumbashi, Zaire's second city, before giving President Mobutu three
>days to step down. He had earlier declared a state of emergency and
>replaced his prime minister.
>
>President Ange-Felix Patasse of the Central African Republic rewarded
>army mutineers who have rebelled against him three times. He allowed
>them to nominate two members of his new government.
>
>NEIGHBOURS MEET
>The foreign ministers of India and Pakistan met in Delhi for the first
>time in three years to try to improve relations. They agreed to free
>several hundred fishermen held by the two countries.
>
>Hong Kong's future leader, Tung Chee-hwa, announced proposals to curb
>civil freedoms introduced by the present government, after the British
>colony reverts to China on July 1st.
>
>Cargill, a grains firm, negotiated the first direct sale of American
>wheat to North Korea since the Korean war ended in 1953. Reports
>suggest that many North Koreans are starving.
>
>
>*****
>If you find our summaries service useful, please tell your friends.
>Invite them to subscribe by forwarding this e-mail to them.
>
>
>
>*************************************************************************
>This is a free newsletter published by The Economist newspaper. To find out
>where best to direct queries to The Economist, send a blank e-mail message
>to help@economist.com
>
>If you are having problems receiving this list, send an e-mail explaining
>the difficulty you are having to list-support@economist.com
>
>To cancel your subscription, send an e-mail with the message "leave
>economist-politics" to newscaster@postbox.co.uk
>To start receiving Politics This Week, send an e-mail with the message
>"join economist-politics" to newscaster@postbox.co.uk
>Alternatively, you can cancel your subscription (or subscribe at any time)by
>visiting http://www.economist.com/mailing/
>
>
---128--902889126-78669:#1270611968--
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 09:08:15 +0200
From: Abdou Gibba <Abdou.Gibba@smr.uib.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <2.2.32.19970411070815.006af42c@golf.uib.no>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
HI EVERYONE!!
BA-MUSA, thanks for bringing up this topic again especially on Gambia-L. I
have all the time been wondering of the progress on this business. Now we
have the opportunity to extend the incentive beyond the Scandinavian borders.
Our children (those whose other parents are not Gambians-by-birth) don't
seem to have a problem in obtaining dual-citizenship both in Norway for
instance and Gambia. However, those children whose both parents are
Gambians-by-birth share the common problem with their parents, i.e.
obtaining dual citizenship.
I hope we can influence changes in this part of the law which the government
should understand as an advantage or an important contributor to the general
development of our country. Because as a citizen, say of Norway, one has the
access to many opportunities here which could be relayed home. So BA-MUSA,
if the said working committee could make follow-ups and urge individual
organizations (including Gambia-L) to put more energy into it, we can make
it a reality.
HAVE A NICE WEEKEND U'ALL!!
::)))Abdou Oujimai
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 10:07:24 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New members
Message-ID: <19970411090858.AAA35058@LOCALNAME>
Gambia-l,
Both Sigga Jagne and Ndeye Fatou Jabbie have been
added to the list. Welcome to the Gambia-l, please send
your intros to: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Best regards
Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 11 Apr 1996 12:03:31 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU
Subject: OBSERVER ON-LINE ANNOUNCEMENT !!
Message-ID: <316CCAE3.B3E@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
HELLO TO ALL NEW MEMBERS!!
I WOULD LIKE TO INFORM ALL OF YOU THE
NEW MEMBERS OF GAMBIA-L THAT
WE WOULD SOON HAVE REGULAR DAILY EDITIONS
OF THE Gambia Observer News ON-LINE ON A WEB SITE.BUT IT WOULD BE
ACCESSIBLE ONLY TO THOSE WHO HAVE SUBSCRIBED TO IT,SINCE IT WOULD BE
PASSWORD PROTECTED.
SO,FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO WOULD BE INTERESTED - AND YOU SHOULD BE -
BECAUSE
THE COMMITTEE HAS INFORMED US THAT ITS VERY POSSIBLE THAT SOMETIMES WE
WOULD
BE ABLE TO READ OUR Observer UNINTERRUPTED EVEN IF THE AUTHORITIES IN
THE GAMBIA
DECIDE THAT A GIVEN EDITION SHOULD NOT BE PRINTED BACK HOME.NOW THAT
SOUNDS
MAGICAL TO ME!! WHAT ABOUT YOU?
SO,PLEASE,APPLY TO MOMODOU CAMARA AT:(MOMODOU.CAMARA@POST3.TELE.DK)AND
TELL
HIM TO SUBSCRIBE YOU.IT WILL COST YOU ONLY BETWEEN TEN AND TWENTY-FIVE
DOLLARS ANNUALLY,AND YOU WILL NOT PAY IT NOW BUT LATER!
IN THE MEAN, TIME YOU CAN CHECK FOR YOURSELF THE FANTASTIC JOB OUR
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE HAS PERFORMED BY CHECKING OUT THE Observer On-Line
Demo IT HAS PLACED ON (http://www.xsite.net/~c3p0/observer).
PLEASE,CONTACT MOMODOU NOW,AND I PROMISE,YOU WILL NOT REGRET IT
LATER.........
REGARDS BASSSSS!!!
--
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 12:01:30 GMT0BST
From: "N.JARJU" <CD6C6JNJ@swansea.ac.uk>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Need communication from Abdou.
Message-ID: <212B73A56CF@CCUGRAD2.SWAN.AC.UK>
My appologies for the irrelevant message on your channels. This is
because I have a problem with sending messages directly from my
address ( except replies ).
Please Abdou Gibba, kindly communicate through my personal address. I
have an important message to relay to you from Ndemban. Act soonest.
Thanks,
Nyaks.
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 11:04:25 -0600
From: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Research at Buiba
Message-ID: <97041111042558@venus.nmhu.edu>
Due to a host of inquiries into my research at Buiba and one of you so
elegantly pointing out that this list is actually a high-tech bantaaba, I
decided to offer a general reply. Obviously I cannot get into great detail due
to limitations in time and space so forgive me if I provide you just enough to
frustrate you. However, an article I have written about the research is
currently under review and when it gets published, I'll be sure to provide you
all with the reference. OK, the focus of my study was the nature of
psychopathology or the descriptive clinical picture of persons currently
receiving treatment at Buiba. What I discovered (among a host of findings) is
that the vast majority of patients at Buiba are the chronically mentally ill,
many of whom were not able to be cured by the marabout Jasong Touray prior to
his death in 1991. One might describe such persons as the "psychiatric
left-overs" who, if not for Buiba and like villages, might be left to fend for
themselves, many having been essentially abandoned there by their families.
Indeed, I found that the length of stay for these patients at Buiba ranged from
2 to 18 years, the mean being 9 years. Currently, the marabout there, Ousman
(Fansu) Touray, brother of the deceased Jasong Touray, while perhaps not as
effective as Jasong in addressing acute psychiatric disorders, is quite gifted
at managing the chronically mentally ill. Thus, such persons have the
opportunity to function as more or less integrated members of a normal
community, thereby decreasing a sense of estrangement and hence maximizing
functioning. This speaks to the vital importance of culture in the treatment
and management of mental illness. My mission associated with this study and
the utility of my findings can be addressed on a number of levels. One is that
Buiba and like villages should be supported in their efforts at providing a
naturalistic setting for the care and management of the chronically mentally
ill. A second level is that, as the psychiatric infrastructure develops,
traditional approaches and players (e.g., traditional healers) should be
integrated with Western approaches and players and must not be abandoned so as
to maximize effectiveness - the existing body of literature supports this. A
third level is that it is imperative that culture be preserved or allowed to
evolve in the context of general economic development for to compromise
cultural tradition may have quite negative effects on a nation's mental health.
A good example of this is the case of depression in West Africa. Historically
it has been the case that so-called African depression assumes a less malignant
manifestation than either European or North American varieties. For example,
generally depression in West Africa does not tend to involve impaired
self-esteem or self-destructive acts as is often the case in Western-style
depression. However, it has been shown that the more Westernized the
individual is, the greater the chance of the existence of impaired self-esteem
and either suicidal ideation or actual acts of such. Fairly disconcerting,
wouldn't you say? Therefore, all those involved in the process of development,
be it in the context of psychiatric infrastructure or general economic
development, must be sensitive to and appreciative of culture and its
fundamental role in a people's adjustment to the human condition. I hope that
this answers some questions for those of you who have made inquiry into my work
and perhaps even helps in raising questions for some of you. If you do not
know where you have been, you cannot possibly know where you are going. So,
peace be with you all.
Steve Fox: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
------------------------------
Date: 11 Apr 97 13:55:37 EDT
From: "Dr. S. G. Kamara" <73244.2701@CompuServe.COM>
To: GAMBIA-L <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: APA conference
Message-ID: <970411175537_73244.2701_FHO38-1@CompuServe.COM>
If you are attending this year's annual APA conference in San Diego, May 17-22,
and would like to meet for coffee or just chat, please respond to my e-mail
address. The turnout is usually very huge. Last year's session in downtown
Manhattan (Javits Center and 7 hotels) had a turnout of about 20,000. This
year, with 500 sessions, it is unlikely to meet someone without a
pre-arrangement.
Regards,
Sheikh Gibril.
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 15:14:25 -0400 (EDT)
From: ABALM@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: gambian festival
Message-ID: <970411151416_-1904471559@emout02.mail.aol.com>
HI everybody
Does anybody know about a Gambian festival that is supposed to take place in
the month of may. If anybody has any knowledge of this or details i would
appreciate it.
thanks
abba
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 15:23:33 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: APA conference
Message-ID: <334E8FB5.6BE8@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Dr. S. G. Kamara wrote:
>
> If you are attending this year's annual APA conference in San Diego, May 17-22,
Forgive my ignorance, but what is the APA and what is the conference all
about?
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 15:34:45 +0100
From: mbaldeh@zenithtvl.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investmen
Message-ID: <199704111933.PAA25876@cam-mail-relay1.bbnplanet.com>
Thank you guys for subscribing me in this network. The mail I have
received so far is just overwhelming. I have been anticipating this for
quite a while now. I would however want to contribute to the current debate
on the Ogoni question and the death of Dr. Saro-Wiwa, as very pertinent
issues were raised.
I do agree with Lamin that Africans should prove that they are not the
"gros enfants" that the West ususally takes them for. Let us stop placing
the blame on the doorstep of imperialism and its corollaries. After 3
decades of independence, African leaders should have by now gone beyond the
milestone of dictatorial regimes, narrow minded and negative economic
policies. There should be no reason for any colonial nostalgia!
The shameless execution of Dr. Saro Wiwa and the subsequent crocodile tears
shed around the world is most hypocritical. I was, however, not astounded
by this crime.
In the early 90s the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP)
and a few human rights NGOs filed communications on the Ogoni question
with the Secretariat of the African Commission on Human and Rights.
Several issues such as the right to auto-determination, the right to a
healthy environment , the right to a fair trial, etc. were raised,
drawing specific reference to the provisions of the African Charter on
Human and Peoples' Rights (the Banjul Charter). It is noteworthy at this
point that since 1989 the Nigerian govt. had created Special Military
Tribunals through ouster clauses with the function to try people arrested
for certain economic and political crimes. The decisions of the SMTs are
final, they cannot be appealed against in any regular court. These SMTs
therefore became the nearest gateway to the executioner. The paradox here
is that Nigeria has one of the longest serving members in the African
Commission: Prof. Oji Umozurike (Univ. of Calabar), who was at one time the
President of this organization. Nigeria hosted one of the earliest
conferences on human rights that led to the signing of the Law of Lagos in
the early 60s, which influenced to a great extent the creation of the
African Commission by the OAU in 1989. Yet, this Commission constantly
pleaded with the Nigerian govt. to spare the lives of Saro Wiwa and the
other eight, but to no avail.
Nigeria got away with the crime. In any case, in the event of serious
sanctions nobody bleeds but the common man.
Now, we're talking about impunity! It would be naive to think that Shell or
any other multinational corp. for that matter would really care if we
don't. Capitalism thrives on profit through open competition, regardless of
who falls in the race. As De Gaulle bluntly put it, "People have friends,
nations have interests". The gulf war is a case in point. The imminent
downfall of Mobutu is another silent remider.
This brings me to the question of foreign investment as succintly discussed
by Alagi Marong. While I would agree with him on the necessity of liberal
economic policies to attract foreign capital, I think we should rather
yearn more for the transfer of technological skills in order to become more
of producers and less of consumers. Leaving national production within
the hands of powerful multinationals erodes the economic base of
developing countries, aggravates the destitution and poverty of the mass of
the people, and makes us increasingly dependent on the developed nations.
Foreign investment , in my opinion, should be monitored, albeit with a
degree of breathing space, so that profits would be directed more into
nation building than futile projects. Of course, there is no economic
progress in the absence of good governance.
I just hope that Africa will not walk into the 21st century like a
hunchback!
Mohammed
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 22:05:43 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd:AFRICA-EDUCATION: University, a Virtual Reality
Message-ID: <1951920094.65283029@inform-bbs.dk>
---forwarded mail START---
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copyright 1997 InterPress Service, all rights reserved.
Worldwide distribution via the APC networks.
*** 06-Apr-97 ***
Title: AFRICA-EDUCATION: University, a Virtual Reality
by Nana Rosine Ngangoue
DAKAR, Apr 6 (IPS) - Distance education, using up-to-date
communication technology, may be the answer to the over-crowding of
of most African universities due to galloping population growth
and insufficient resources, educationalists say.
Participants at a preparatory meeting last week for the World
Conference on Higher Education proposed using new information and
communication technology to delocalise education through the
formation of virtual universities.
The World Conference, scheduled for next year in Paris, will be
organised by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO).
''The virtual university is a university without walls, one that
does not have a physical location where (students and lecturers)
are obliged to meet,'' explained Jean Pierre Denis, an advisor in
the Dakar-based Africa office of the Association of Partially or
Entirely Francophone Universities and Universities of the
Francophone Network (AUPELF-UREF).
The distance-learning mechanisms such universities use have been
improving as a result of the communication revolution, he added.
''In just a few years, we've seen the development of learning
by correspondence, then distance education with CD-ROM as a
support and now networks for the transmission of data,'' Denis
noted. ''With the Internet, we're seeing the delocalisation of
students and teachers, a restructuring of support services for
courses through the use of multimedia.''
There is already a virtual university offering distance
education to several thousand French-speaking students worldwide,
relying on advanced technology to transmit knowledge regardless of
the location of sources and targets. Similar initiatives are
underway within the framework of a Virtual University in Africa
Project supported by the World Bank.
According to Etienne Baranshamaje, head of the Virtual
University in Africa (VUA) Project, six countries -- Ethiopia,
Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe -- have been chosen to
participate in a pilot project scheduled to start at the end of
April.
That pilot project is expected to lead to the creation of a
virtual university in Africa.
''We're tapping resources, especially human resources, where
they exist, by using the techniques that allow us to reach several
corners of the globe at the same time to take teaching to where it
is needed,'' said Baranshamaje.
Programmes for francophone African states are already being
developed in Belgium, France and Switzerland, while those for
anglophone countries are being put together in the United States
and Ireland.
''Of course, there'll be a permanent relationship between the
developers of the programmes and the African academic world to
adapt the programmes to the socio-economic environment of each
country,'' said Baranshamaje. ''The objective is above all, to
train African students in scientific and technical disciplines...
initially, students will come to a place equipped to enable them to
follow courses. Naturally, this doesn't mean that each student will
be given a computer. That would be very expensive.''
The virtual university will be not be free since ''the
viability of this system will depend on its capacity to finance
itself,'' Baranshamaje explained. ''Students will pay something.
We assure the whole world that the cost will be related to the
standard of living in each country.''
The World Bank has already contributed 2.5 million U.S. dollars
to the VUA project, whose full implementation will cost an
estimated 30.9 million dollars. Some students, however, feel they
are not fully prepared for the virtual world.
''Right now, in our universities, we're only taught the theory
of informatics without relating it to the practice because we
don't have computers,'' says Allassane Ba, one of the student
representatives from Dakar's Cheikh Anta Diop University who
attended the meeting. ''I'm not sure that this project will work
as we haven't been trained well enough to adopt these new teaching
methods.''
The UVA Project also intends to address the issues of
standardisation and the training of lecturers.
''The problems is not the building. It's the instructor. The
difficulty is in access to scientific and technical information
which our teachers don't have. This is what the virtual university
should be about,'' said Baranshamaje.
AUPELF-UREF's Denis is confident that the project will succeed.
''The Internet exists in most of the countries and this will
enable us to transmit texts, pictures and sound to an acceptable
standard,'' he said. ''Access to all the sites is therefore
possible, and also, in some cases, the use of teleconferences.
''Various teaching structures are progressively equipping
themselves with televisions, video recorders, CD-ROM, modems
etc.'' (END/IPS/nrn/jm/kb/97)
Origin: Rome/AFRICA-EDUCATION/
----
[c] 1997, InterPress Third World News Agency (IPS)
All rights reserved
May not be reproduced, reprinted or posted to any system or
service outside of the APC networks, without specific
permission from IPS. This limitation includes distribution
via Usenet News, bulletin board systems, mailing lists,
print media and broadcast. For information about cross-
posting, send a message to <online@ips.org>. For
information about print or broadcast reproduction please
contact the IPS coordinator at <online@ips.org>.
---forwarded mail END---
--- OffRoad 1.9s registered to Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 16:25:39 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <9704112025.AA65790@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Your responses have been very interesting. I wish I had enough time to
respond/add to your points. Lamin (Sanaku), M. Baldeh (Jarrama) and A. Marong,
your points have been well-noted and contents understood.
Keep up the discussions!
Regards,
Moe S. Jallow
==============================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 23:14:14 +0200
From: mmjeng@inform-bbs.dk (Matarr Jeng)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Arrest Warrant
Message-ID: <40492926.65530503@inform-bbs.dk>
Gambia Police Issues Arrest Warrant For Former Rebel Leader
Apr. 11, 1997
Olu Sarr PANA Staff Correspondent
BANJUL, Gambia (PANA) - Gambia Police have issued arrest warrants for Kukoi
Samba Sanyang, alias Doctor Manneh, and 13 others implicated in the 1996 rebel
attack on a military base in this West African country.
Sanyang, who came to notoriety after mounting a bloody but abortive civilian
coup against President Dawda Jawara in 1981, has lived in exile since.
This first bid for power by force was put down by the Senegalese army. More
recently, Sanyang and his followers have been fighting in the Liberian civil
war where he was associate with Liberian faction leader, Charles Taylor.
Sanyang's 13 followers all fought as mercenaries for Taylor, under Sanyang's
behest.
Police named them as Kajali Badjie, Swandi Camara (alias Swanzi), Famara Colley
(alias Farms), Bamba Drammeh, Almamy Sabally (alias John Rambo), Adourahman
Baldeh (alias Ghadaffi), Gibril Jallow (alias Packo), Kemo Jallow (alias
Prince), Karamo Gibba (alias Dragon), Dawasa Nyassi (alias Dave), Kabiro Demba
(alias Cobra), Bakary Drammeh and Kawsu Jarju (alias Lao Jarjy).
Police have also sent photographs of these men to stations nationwide and to
all border posts. They have asked for public support in arresting these men.
The police action, which took place March, 31, is only being reported by
state-owned radio and the local newspapers this week. These reports follow the
1996 attack by five rebels on the Farafenni military camp, some 200 kilometres
from the capital, Banjul. The attackers killed six Gambian soldiers and wounded
several others without loss.
Captured prisoners appeared before Justice Robin Coker of the High Court,
Tuesday, escorted by heavily armed soldiers. Their prisoners were Mballow
Kanteh (alias Fabakary Kanteh), Omar Dampha (alias John Dampha), Sulayman Sarr,
Essa Baldeh and Tata Drammeh (alias Invincible Iron Face).
The Director of Public Prosecutions, Justice Akamba, accompanied by his deputy,
Fatou Bensouda and counsel Essa Faal, applied for the proceedings to be held in
camera, because of the sensitive security aspects of the matter.
Under instruction from their clients, Defence lawyers for Omar Dampha and Essa
Baldeh, Raymond Sock and Aminata Ngum respectively, agreed with trial by
camera.
However, Initially, defendant Sulayman Sarr, disagreed. He said the public
needed to hear the proceedings. He only changed his mind on the advice of his
council.
Then, Justice Coker ordered the preliminary proceedings be held in camera and
ordered everyone out of the courtroom. Reports since then have shown that nine
counts of treason have been made against each of the accused.
Sarr was shot in the leg during the attack on the camp and escaped to Senegal.
He was caught and extradited.
Greetings
Matarr M. Jeng.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright © 1997 The Panafrican News Agency. All Rights Reserved.
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 17:49:47 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investment
Message-ID: <334EB1FB.403D@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
mbaldeh@zenithtvl.com wrote:
> This brings me to the question of foreign investment as succintly discussed
> by Alagi Marong. While I would agree with him on the necessity of liberal
> economic policies to attract foreign capital, I think we should rather
> yearn more for the transfer of technological skills in order to become more
> of producers and less of consumers. Leaving national production within
> the hands of powerful multinationals erodes the economic base of
> developing countries, aggravates the destitution and poverty of the mass of
> the people, and makes us increasingly dependent on the developed nations.
> Foreign investment , in my opinion, should be monitored, albeit with a
> degree of breathing space, so that profits would be directed more into
> nation building than futile projects. Of course, there is no economic
> progress in the absence of good governance.
I thank Mr. Baldeh for offering us an interesting and comprehensive view
of the issues being discussed here.
The points made about foreign investment in developing countries are all
well made and I heard something last night on the BBC that shows just
how difficult and complex this problem is.
In Nigeria, the reporter said, the oil industry pumps an estimated 40
million U.S. dollars a day and the government receives more of it than
any one else. Here is a case where the government is doing most of what
we would hope and expect as Mr. Baldeh mentioned:
- allowing liberal economic policies to attract foreign investment
- allowing for the transfer of technology and technological skills
(albeit limited)
- not allowing national production to stay within the hands of powerful
multinationals ( the government
exercises a lot of control over these companies)
The government over the years has been able to place controls that allow
Nigerians to be involved and benefit from the country's most lucrative
resource.
The reporters next line was the most important: "People wonder where
the money is going."
This falls into the last point, GOOD GOVERNANCE. Unfortunately, the
lack of it almost nullifies all the other efforts of the government. As
careful as Nigeria has been about foreign investment, its government has
still failed its people and one most wonder about the future of other
poorer countries like The Gambia.
This is also just another example of how more important good leadership
is than, in my view, anything else and it has been the essential problem
with Africa All other issues, like colonialism, "neo-colonialism",
tribalism, etc., are secondary. Most importantly though, our leaders
can only be as good as we make them. Whether you believe in the most
democratic or the most autocratic styles of rule and government, you
must agree that it is the leadership that people expect and demand that
they end up getting.
Peace.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 18:02:47 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Arrest Warrant
Message-ID: <334EB507.210C@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
> The Director of Public Prosecutions, Justice Akamba, accompanied by his deputy,
> Fatou Bensouda and counsel Essa Faal, applied for the proceedings to be held in
> camera, because of the sensitive security aspects of the matter.
>
> Under instruction from their clients, Defence lawyers for Omar Dampha and Essa
> Baldeh, Raymond Sock and Aminata Ngum respectively, agreed with trial by
> camera.
>
> However, Initially, defendant Sulayman Sarr, disagreed. He said the public
> needed to hear the proceedings. He only changed his mind on the advice of his
> council.
>
> Then, Justice Coker ordered the preliminary proceedings be held in camera and
> ordered everyone out of the courtroom. Reports since then have shown that nine
> counts of treason have been made against each of the accused.
I cannot understand why the attorneys for these defendants would agree
to keep the proceeding closed from the public. The so-called security
concerns of the state make sense given the nature of the events. It has
been reported that the government has not been as forthcoming with
information as some would desire. These men, on the other hand, could
face severe sentences but lose nothing more then perhaps a deal with
prosecutors by keeping the case public.
Am I missing something here?
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 18:26:41 -0400 (EDT)
From: ABDOU <at137@columbia.edu>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.95L.970411181537.6132A-100000@terve.cc.columbia.edu>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
/* This message is being forwarded from O.F. Mbai */
From: "M'BAI OF" <O.F.M'Bai@icsl.ac.uk>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 13:40:16 +0000
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.
X-mailer: Pegasus Mail for Windows (v2.23)
i regret to say that minister louis farrakhan is not a true moslem
in that all that he represents is violence and hatred to non-moslems
out of which he is enriching himself and his immediate because the
only people with decent portfolios in his movement are his imme-
diate family which sums up the kind of person he is and besides
i don't think a reasonable and a decent human being would commend
a notorious , vindictive , corrupt , lethal, coward and nasty person
like that dictator "sani abacha", it is true that "birds of the
same feather flock together". all that he's got is a big mouth and
nothing else. its appalling to hear that he's been given a gambian
nationality. this is the sickest thing i've heard for a long time.
Ron Goldman said that Johnny Cochran is the most disgusting
human being he's ever had to deal with but for me Louis Farrakhan
is one of them because i believe that he is using people of an
African origin for his own good not for our own good which is sick
and he knows that which makes it even more sickening.
what he should be preaching is love , respect , and admiration for
one another regardless of ones religion, race or origin , that is
what the Prophet Muhammad (PBBUH) represented and that is
what He expects every moslem to represent. This is why Farrakhan
is nothing but a DEAD COWARD!!!
THE PAST GENERATION WAS ABOUT VIOLENCE BUT
THIS PRESENT GENERATION IS ABOUT WHAT WE CAN
DO TO LIVE TOGETHER AND LOVE ONEANOTHER AS
EXPECTED OFA CIVILISED PERSON LIVING IN CIVILISED
GENERATION.
KEEP YOUR HEADS UP. POSITIVITY NEVER NEGATIVITY.
REGARDS TO ALL
M'BAI OMAR F.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 11 Apr 1996 23:58:25 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: "GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU" <GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU>
Subject: Re: Research at Buiba
Message-ID: <316D7271.60CC@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu wrote:
>
> Due to a host of inquiries into my research at Buiba and one of you so
> elegantly pointing out that this list is actually a high-tech bantaaba, I
> decided to offer a general reply. Obviously I cannot get into great detail due
> to limitations in time and space so forgive me if I provide you just enough to
> frustrate you. However, an article I have written about the research is
> currently under review and when it gets published, I'll be sure to provide you
> all with the reference. OK, the focus of my study was the nature of
> psychopathology or the descriptive clinical picture of persons currently
> receiving treatment at Buiba. What I discovered (among a host of findings) is
> that the vast majority of patients at Buiba are the chronically mentally ill,
> many of whom were not able to be cured by the marabout Jasong Touray prior to
> his death in 1991. One might describe such persons as the "psychiatric
> left-overs" who, if not for Buiba and like villages, might be left to fend for
> themselves, many having been essentially abandoned there by their families.
> Indeed, I found that the length of stay for these patients at Buiba ranged from
> 2 to 18 years, the mean being 9 years. Currently, the marabout there, Ousman
> (Fansu) Touray, brother of the deceased Jasong Touray, while perhaps not as
> effective as Jasong in addressing acute psychiatric disorders, is quite gifted
> at managing the chronically mentally ill. Thus, such persons have the
> opportunity to function as more or less integrated members of a normal
> community, thereby decreasing a sense of estrangement and hence maximizing
> functioning. This speaks to the vital importance of culture in the treatment
> and management of mental illness. My mission associated with this study and
> the utility of my findings can be addressed on a number of levels. One is that
> Buiba and like villages should be supported in their efforts at providing a
> naturalistic setting for the care and management of the chronically mentally
> ill. A second level is that, as the psychiatric infrastructure develops,
> traditional approaches and players (e.g., traditional healers) should be
> integrated with Western approaches and players and must not be abandoned so as
> to maximize effectiveness - the existing body of literature supports this. A
> third level is that it is imperative that culture be preserved or allowed to
> evolve in the context of general economic development for to compromise
> cultural tradition may have quite negative effects on a nation's mental health.
> A good example of this is the case of depression in West Africa. Historically
> it has been the case that so-called African depression assumes a less malignant
> manifestation than either European or North American varieties. For example,
> generally depression in West Africa does not tend to involve impaired
> self-esteem or self-destructive acts as is often the case in Western-style
> depression. However, it has been shown that the more Westernized the
> individual is, the greater the chance of the existence of impaired self-esteem
> and either suicidal ideation or actual acts of such. Fairly disconcerting,
> wouldn't you say? Therefore, all those involved in the process of development,
> be it in the context of psychiatric infrastructure or general economic
> development, must be sensitive to and appreciative of culture and its
> fundamental role in a people's adjustment to the human condition. I hope that
> this answers some questions for those of you who have made inquiry into my work
> and perhaps even helps in raising questions for some of you. If you do not
> know where you have been, you cannot possibly know where you are going. So,
> peace be with you all.
>
> Steve Fox: fox_steven@venus.nmhu.edu
MR.STEVEN!!
THANKS FOR THE RUN DOWN.BUT WE WOULD LOVE TO GET OUR HANDS ON THE
WHOLE WORK ITSELF WHEN ITS PUBLISHED.SO,I HOPE YOU WILL
INFORM US WHEN THAT HAPPENS.SO,PLEASE KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK DOWN THERE!!
REGARDS BASSSSS!!
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 20:41:42 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List" <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investmen
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9704112003.A7858-0100000@mach1.wlu.ca>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
On Fri, 11 Apr 1997 mbaldeh@zenithtvl.com wrote:
>
> This brings me to the question of foreign investment as succintly discussed
> by Alagi Marong. While I would agree with him on the necessity of liberal
> economic policies to attract foreign capital, I think we should rather
> yearn more for the transfer of technological skills in order to become more
> of producers and less of consumers. Leaving national production within
> the hands of powerful multinationals erodes the economic base of
> developing countries, aggravates the destitution and poverty of the mass of
> the people, and makes us increasingly dependent on the developed nations.
It's funny that you should bring up this topic cause my room-mates and I
were just discussing this same issue yesterday. Except we were also
talking about the fact that we really are the producers in the sense that
for eg Ghana produces coco and boxite (of course using cheap labour!!),
which is then transported to the West, who process these raw materials
and sell them back at cut throat prices!! the same thing applies to Kenya
(coffee), Nigeria ( oil), the list goes on!! Bringing the technological
skill into Africa seems like the only way we can limit the
negative impact that foreigners have on our people and economy.
But a question I would like to ask is.....what about the risks
that bringing in such technology will have on the people who will have to
be in constant contact with the chemicals and other materials that will
be involved in the processes that will be involved???? What about our
environment? I'm not an environmental activist .......just a concerned
citizen. I once thought that the best thing to do is to bring in the
Technological know how to our continent, but I had a rude awakening in a
course I'm taking ( Environ. toxicology). We got to watch film
documentaries showing how the people in factories are dying of eg cancer,
lung diseases ( one of which is commonly known as brown lung....occurs maonly
in the Carolinas..people who work in the cotton factories), memory loss,
convulsions, death and many other problem. The worst was those who work
in the grape factories in California.....many of their children are born
malformed ( eg no arms or legs etc) due to the insecticides the grapes
are sprayed with. The ground water ( main sourse of drinking water) in both
Canada and the States is in danger due to leaching of industrial chemicals.
Sorry for babbling on, but what I'm trying to say is that these are just
a few examples of the price that has to be paid for development and
technology. Yet without technology, our economy and people suffer. My
question is which is the lesser of the two evils?????
Ancha.
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 19:56:44 -0700
From: sarian@osmosys.incog.com (Sarian Loum)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New Members
Message-ID: <199704120256.TAA05858@thesky.incog.com>
All,
Debra Bade and Leo Peterson have been added to the list as requested. Welcome aboard guys and please send in your intros to the group.
regards,
Sarian
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 23:14:33 -0400 (EDT)
From: MJagana@aol.com
To: O.F.M'Bai@icsl.ac.uk
Cc: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <970411231211_-2071470142@emout14.mail.aol.com>
In a message dated 97-04-11 22:03:24 EDT, at137@columbia.edu (ABDOU) writes:
<< Ron Goldman said that Johnny Cochran is the most disgusting
human being he's ever had to deal
omar i think ron is the dead person, so it is imposible to make such
comments.
momodou jagana
---------------------
Forwarded message:
From: at137@columbia.edu (ABDOU)
Sender: GAMBIA-L-owner@u.washington.edu
Reply-to: at137@columbia.edu (ABDOU)
To: GAMBIA-L@, gambia-l@u.washington.edu (The Gambia and Related Issues
Mailing List), @
Date: 97-04-11 22:03:24 EDT
/* This message is being forwarded from O.F. Mbai */
From: "M'BAI OF" <O.F.M'Bai@icsl.ac.uk>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 13:40:16 +0000
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.
X-mailer: Pegasus Mail for Windows (v2.23)
i regret to say that minister louis farrakhan is not a true moslem
in that all that he represents is violence and hatred to non-moslems
out of which he is enriching himself and his immediate because the
only people with decent portfolios in his movement are his imme-
diate family which sums up the kind of person he is and besides
i don't think a reasonable and a decent human being would commend
a notorious , vindictive , corrupt , lethal, coward and nasty person
like that dictator "sani abacha", it is true that "birds of the
same feather flock together". all that he's got is a big mouth and
nothing else. its appalling to hear that he's been given a gambian
nationality. this is the sickest thing i've heard for a long time.
Ron Goldman said that Johnny Cochran is the most disgusting
human being he's ever had to deal with but for me Louis Farrakhan
is one of them because i believe that he is using people of an
African origin for his own good not for our own good which is sick
and he knows that which makes it even more sickening.
what he should be preaching is love , respect , and admiration for
one another regardless of ones religion, race or origin , that is
what the Prophet Muhammad (PBBUH) represented and that is
what He expects every moslem to represent. This is why Farrakhan
is nothing but a DEAD COWARD!!!
THE PAST GENERATION WAS ABOUT VIOLENCE BUT
THIS PRESENT GENERATION IS ABOUT WHAT WE CAN
DO TO LIVE TOGETHER AND LOVE ONEANOTHER AS
EXPECTED OFA CIVILISED PERSON LIVING IN CIVILISED
GENERATION.
KEEP YOUR HEADS UP. POSITIVITY NEVER NEGATIVITY.
REGARDS TO ALL
M'BAI OMAR F.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 01:26:06 -0400
From: Latir Downes-Thomas <latir@earthlink.net>
To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <334F1CEE.1903@earthlink.net>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
M'bai Omar F. wrote,
> i regret to say that minister louis farrakhan is not a true moslem
> in that all that he represents is violence and hatred to non-moslems
> out of which he is enriching himself and his immediate because the
> only people with decent portfolios in his movement are his imme-
> diate family which sums up the kind of person he is and besides
> i don't think a reasonable and a decent human being would commend
> a notorious , vindictive , corrupt , lethal, coward and nasty person
> like that dictator "sani abacha", it is true that "birds of the
> same feather flock together". all that he's got is a big mouth and
> nothing else. its appalling to hear that he's been given a gambian
> nationality. this is the sickest thing i've heard for a long time.
My man, I understand where you are coming from, but I think think this
is a bit over the top. Yes Farrakhan does support the Abacha regime but
so do a lot of other people including your own President. (Remember,
Gambia was the only dissenting vote in the move to suspend Nigeria from
Commonwealth after the Ogoni Nine execution) You have to also remember
that Abacha has quite a following in his country for what some think is
a no-nonsense attitude. There are a lot of Nigerians who believe they
are better off then they were before he stepped in and also believe the
country needs a strong leader like him. Yes, his human rights record
leaves too much to be desired but I don't think you can fault Farrakhan,
to this extent, for taking a position that many Nigerians also take.
> is one of them because i believe that he is using people of an
> African origin for his own good not for our own good which is sick
> and he knows that which makes it even more sickening.
That's your opinion and it should be respected but there are those who
would say the same of leaders like Jesse Jackson.
> what he should be preaching is love , respect , and admiration for
> one another regardless of ones religion, race or origin , that is
> what the Prophet Muhammad (PBBUH) represented and that is
> what He expects every moslem to represent. This is why Farrakhan
> is nothing but a DEAD COWARD!!!
I agree, most leaders should preach what you say here but let's face it,
how many do?
>From what you are saying, I guess every moslem should try and follow the
path of the Prophet Mohammed but don't you think it's a bit too much to
call him a "dead coward" given the fact that there are so many others
who have said and done so much more. I don't know who you look up to as
an ideal moslem leader but I can count many that have said and again
done much worse.
Apart from the somewhat baseless accusations that he had something to do
with Malcolm X's death, I have not really heard much about his espousing
violence, so you might want to elaborate here. His efforts, on the
other hand, in his capacity as a minority leader and the head of the
Nation of Islam has done some good that cannot go without
acknowledgment.
As I said before, I think I can understand why you feel the way you do
and admire your honesty, if anything else, but I think you need to look
at the whole picture before you judge the man.
Peace.
Lat
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 10:50:05 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: (Fwd) *** Dalasi ***
Message-ID: <19970412095154.AAA15452@LOCALNAME>
Dear list members,
I got the following mail and I hope that somebody on the list have an
answer/information.
Thanks
Momodou
------- Forwarded Message Follows -------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 02:43:56 -0300
From: Joao Cesar da Escossia <escossia@pobox.com>
Reply-to: escossia@pobox.com
Organization: Protec
To: mcamara@post3.tele.dk
Subject: *** Dalasi ***
Dear Sir,
I'm an university teacher at Federal University of Espirito Santo -
Brazil, and during my researches I found the word "Dalasi" that
figured out to be the name of the cuurency in Gambia.
Unfortunatly I need more information an this word, so I would be glad
if you could send me any futher information on it.
Thanks in advanced
Hoping to hear from you soon,
Joao Cesar da Escossia
escossia@pobox.com
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 12 Apr 1996 14:26:05 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: "GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU" <GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU>
Subject: Re: (Fwd) *** Dalasi ***
Message-ID: <316E3DCD.771E@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Camara, Momodou wrote:
>
> Dear list members,
> I got the following mail and I hope that somebody on the list have an
> answer/information.
> Thanks
> Momodou
>
> ------- Forwarded Message Follows -------
> Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 02:43:56 -0300
> From: Joao Cesar da Escossia <escossia@pobox.com>
> Reply-to: escossia@pobox.com
> Organization: Protec
> To: mcamara@post3.tele.dk
> Subject: *** Dalasi ***
>
> Dear Sir,
>
> I'm an university teacher at Federal University of Espirito Santo -
> Brazil, and during my researches I found the word "Dalasi" that
> figured out to be the name of the cuurency in Gambia.
>
> Unfortunatly I need more information an this word, so I would be glad
> if you could send me any futher information on it.
>
> Thanks in advanced
>
> Hoping to hear from you soon,
>
> Joao Cesar da Escossia
> escossia@pobox.com
MR. ESCOSSIA!!
THE WORD "DALASI" IS INFACT THREE WORDS COMBINED. Daa IN Mandinka
MEANS Door;AND La IS THE DEFINITE ARTICLE The; Sii MEANS TO COMPLETE.AND
IF YOU PUT ALL OF THEM TOGETHER, IT WOULD MEAN:THE THING THAT COMPLETES
(MAKES IT FULL) THE OPENING OF THE CONTAINER.WHEN WE USE IT AS A
CURRENCY DENOMINATOR,IT MEANS THE Big One (THE HIGHEST DENOMINATOR)THAT
COMPLETES THE COUNTING.THAT IS THE CASE BECAUSE YOU CANNOT NAME ANY
AMOUNT HIGHER THAN THE Dalasi WITHOUT MENTIONING THE WORD Dalasi.
SO,THERE YOU ARE! AND IF YOU NEED MORE,JUST EMAIL US ONCE AGAIN...
AND IF YOU COULD TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT YOUR RESEARCH,WE WOULD LOVE TO
HEAR ABOUT IT.IN THE MEAN TIME,KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK DOWN THERE!!
REGARDS BASSSSS!!
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 15:24:06 GMT+1
From: "Famara A. Sanyang" <famaraas@amadeus.cmi.no>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <10F8A9B055A@amadeus.cmi.no>
MIME-Version: 1.0
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Brothers & Sisters,
Thanks for your contributions and welcome to all the new members.(For the "old"
members) I have been relatively passive lately because am struggling to finish
by dissertation. Keep up the good work!
The discussion on the environment is very interesting. I think
Baldeh's posting highlighted the complexity of the issue. I understand
Lamin Drammeh's point that Shell as a company,
will do "all" to maximize its profit. But the question I want to ask
is, are there no ethical evaluations in business? Some one mention
how Shell was supporting the apartheid regime of South Africa. This
shows how cynical Shell can be, by exploiting niches in isolated regimes.
Here comes the role of the West. If they feel a regime is worth isolating, then
something should be done to deal with those sabotaging the decision.
The Nigerian government has also its political realities. I would not
subscribe to the "tribal theory", in this case. I am tempted to look
at the issue from an economic point of view. Nigeria which is relatively
isolated has a resource (petroleum) which even tempts Uncle Sam to
ignore the human rights records (this is not first time the US
contradicts itself). The Nigerians are likely to exploit this
resource at "all cost" in order to survive as a regime. Although am
aware of the vast resources present in the country, but, for a short
term result the oil yields more.
Ancha raised a very interesting point, that is the dilemma between
modernization and environmental hazards. I don't think it is an
argument in itself, that we should continue to be producers of raw
materials and importers of finished products, because of the
environmental hazards involved in industrialization. We can learn
from the experiences of the industrialized countries and hence
minimize, (or eradicate) the environmental costs. I don't think there
is always a conflict between environmental consciousness and
socio-economic development. An environmentally conscious society will
certainly have more people working with the environment, and hence
more productive hands. The big firms will probably loss part of their
income but, the nation or globe will gain in the long run.
On the other hand I don't think the capitalist in the North will
allow the transfer of technology to the South to allow them process their own
products. We all know what consequences this will have. This will
lead to the closure of the industries which process the raw materials
we will then be processing, and unemployment with all its social
consequences will show its ugly head. The industrialized countries can
of course find new niches, but, looking at the level of unemployment and
that it have been mainly on the increase in many industrialized
countries (not Norway), is not encouraging. I am tempted to
subscribe to the theory that the industrial countries will rather
continue to finance the world capitalist system, by continuing to
give developing countries loans to buy their products, and continue to
reshedule their loans / debts for eternity. Finally, I just want to
emphasis that, environmental hazards don't know, social class or
geographical borders, that is why it should be a global concern, (do you
recall Chernobyl in the former Soviet and Bhopal in Asia).
Thanks for your attention.
Shalom,
Famara.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Famara A. Sanyang
Chr. Michelsens Institute (CMI)
Development Studies and Human Rights
Fantoftvegen 38,
N-5036 Fantoft, Bergen, Norway.
Telephone: 47 55574388 Priv. 47 55289124
Telefax : 47 55574166
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 4 Jan 1980 15:57:17 +0100
From: "Bahary Dukuray" <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
To: <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <199704121353.PAA25519@login.eunet.no>
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----------
> From: MJagana@aol.com
> To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
> Subject: Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
> Date: 12. april 1997 04:14
>
> In a message dated 97-04-11 22:03:24 EDT, at137@columbia.edu (ABDOU)
writes:
>
> << Ron Goldman said that Johnny Cochran is the most disgusting
> human being he's ever had to deal
>
> omar i think ron is the dead person, so it is imposible to make such
> comments.
>
> momodou jagana
> ---------------------
> Forwarded message:
> From: at137@columbia.edu (ABDOU)
> Sender: GAMBIA-L-owner@u.washington.edu
> Reply-to: at137@columbia.edu (ABDOU)
> To: GAMBIA-L@, gambia-l@u.washington.edu (The Gambia and Related Issues
> Mailing List), @
> Date: 97-04-11 22:03:24 EDT
>
> /* This message is being forwarded from O.F. Mbai */
>
> From: "M'BAI OF" <O.F.M'Bai@icsl.ac.uk>
> To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
> Date: Fri, 11 Apr 1997 13:40:16 +0000
> MIME-Version: 1.0
> Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
> Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
> Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.
> X-mailer: Pegasus Mail for Windows (v2.23)
>
> i regret to say that minister louis farrakhan is not a true moslem
> in that all that he represents is violence and hatred to non-moslems
> out of which he is enriching himself and his immediate because the
> only people with decent portfolios in his movement are his imme-
> diate family which sums up the kind of person he is and besides
> i don't think a reasonable and a decent human being would commend
> a notorious , vindictive , corrupt , lethal, coward and nasty person
> like that dictator "sani abacha", it is true that "birds of the
> same feather flock together". all that he's got is a big mouth and
> nothing else. its appalling to hear that he's been given a gambian
> nationality. this is the sickest thing i've heard for a long time.
>
> Ron Goldman said that Johnny Cochran is the most disgusting
> human being he's ever had to deal with but for me Louis Farrakhan
> is one of them because i believe that he is using people of an
> African origin for his own good not for our own good which is sick
> and he knows that which makes it even more sickening.
>
> what he should be preaching is love , respect , and admiration for
> one another regardless of ones religion, race or origin , that is
> what the Prophet Muhammad (PBBUH) represented and that is
> what He expects every moslem to represent. This is why Farrakhan
> is nothing but a DEAD COWARD!!!
>
> THE PAST GENERATION WAS ABOUT VIOLENCE BUT
> THIS PRESENT GENERATION IS ABOUT WHAT WE CAN
> DO TO LIVE TOGETHER AND LOVE ONEANOTHER AS
> EXPECTED OFA CIVILISED PERSON LIVING IN CIVILISED
> GENERATION.
>
> KEEP YOUR HEADS UP. POSITIVITY NEVER NEGATIVITY.
>
> REGARDS TO ALL
>
> M'BAI OMAR F.
>
>
>
>
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 10:21:10 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Survey on Support of Education in The Gambia
Message-ID: <970412102106_312295077@emout13.mail.aol.com>
Suggestions, comments etc were also solicited in regard to support of
education in Gambia. I heard that the national library has a mobile unit(s)
that visit villages.I am not really sure if this is so.Does anyone know? Even
so, l can't imagine that they come around often enough. How about donating
books to set up libraries at local primary schools and have a teacher or two
volunteer to serve as librarian. When l was in primary school at Gunjur,
there was no library and l would have given my right arm just to have a place
to check out books. I would read all the assigned text books as soon as l got
them and would even save paper that the shop keepers wrapped stuff l was sent
to buy, if it had any readable material on it.
Another area to help in is with the issue of school fees. l had
classmates in high school who would be sent home for non payment of fees and
would be out sometimes up to two or three weeks. A grant to provide
scholarships for those students whose families have a hard time paying could
be established. I am sure the schools can help to identify these
students.There are many things that can be done but all of them requires
volunteers on the local level. Just some ideas.
Jabou.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 10:28:12 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <970412102812_185115178@emout07.mail.aol.com>
Latir wrote that Babanding Sissoho holds a Gambian diplomatic passport. Can
anyone tell me why this is so? or is that a naive question? I' d like to
think that there is a valid reason.
Jabou
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 4 Jan 1980 17:01:47 +0100
From: "Bahary Dukuray" <bdukuray@login.eunet.no>
To: <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <199704121458.QAA29484@login.eunet.no>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
----------
> From: Gunjur@aol.com
> To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
> Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living
Abroad
> Date: 12. april 1997 15:28
>
> Latir wrote that Babanding Sissoho holds a Gambian diplomatic passport.
Can
> anyone tell me why this is so? or is that a naive question? I' d like to
> think that there is a valid reason.
> Jabou
Because the Gambia government is selling the Gambia passport for
money.That is why Sissoko get diplomatic passport.
B.Dukuray
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 11:15:45 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: gambian festival
Message-ID: <970412111545_-1134748787@emout20.mail.aol.com>
Abba,
The ministry of tourism now has an annual "ROOTS" festival. Last years' was
in May, but this year, it is in early June. I had brochures with the date
but can't locate one this minute. If you call the Gambia Embassy, they can
tell you the date or send you a brochure. Their #(202) 785-1399. Are you Abba
Kebbeh , by any chance?
Jabou Joh.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 12:03:25 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <970412120318_514193812@emout05.mail.aol.com>
Omar,
I agree whole heartedly about Farakhan.He is not a good muslim by virtue of
the violence and hatred he preaches, as well as the fact that he is what is
known as an innovator in Islam.The nation of Islam as a whole do not practice
Islam according to the sunnah of the prophet(SAS).
Jabou.
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 12:15:26 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: The Ogoni Question And Foreign Investmen
Message-ID: <970412121525_571671840@emout10.mail.aol.com>
Good question Ancha. Are there ways to process these raw materials without
the use of harmful chemicals? With more and more interest and research in
environmental protection , perhaps less harmful alternatives will be
developed.
Jabou
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 19:18:09 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara), Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd: Re: Fwd:AFRICA-EDUCATION: University, a Virtual Reality
Message-ID: <2788753374.69874406@inform-bbs.dk>
Momodou,
What a wonderful idea. Just think, we may even be able to hook up our primary
schools to the system one day and have the teachers network with other
teachers around the world.They are already doing this natiowide at the
primary level in the U.S. where teachers can network and share ideas.
Jabou
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 19:27:05 +0200
From: momodou@inform-bbs.dk (Momodou Camara)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: gambian festival
Message-ID: <423014303.69906621@inform-bbs.dk>
gambia-l@u.washington.edu,Internet writes:
>Abba,
>The ministry of tourism now has an annual "ROOTS" festival. Last years' was
>in May, but this year, it is in early June. I had brochures with the date
>but can't locate one this minute. If you call the Gambia Embassy, they can
>tell you the date or send you a brochure. Their #(202) 785-1399. Are you Abba
>Kebbeh , by any chance?
>Jabou Joh.
The festival is from June 14-21, 1997.
Momodou Camara
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 14:01:56 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <9704121801.AA30806@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
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Latir wrote:
> From what you are saying, I guess every moslem should try and follow the
> path of the Prophet Mohammed but don't you think it's a bit too much to
> call him a "dead coward" given the fact that there are so many others
> who have said and done so much more. I don't know who you look up to as
> an ideal moslem leader but I can count many that have said and again
> done much worse.
I hate to barge in on this one but I couldn't help it. I can't say that he is a
"dead coward" but I can't understand his political ambitions and belief that
people are plotting against him. I'm afraid some of his ideas, like the mystical
importance of the number 19 and his claim to have taken trips on alien
spacecraft, sound like bull to me. As far as I know, no other religious leader
ever pretended to speak on behalf of God but for Farrakhan and his followers,
such miracles are almost always routine.
> Apart from the somewhat baseless accusations that he had something to do
> with Malcolm X's death, I have not really heard much about his espousing
> violence, so you might want to elaborate here. His efforts, on the
> other hand, in his capacity as a minority leader and the head of the
> Nation of Islam has done some good that cannot go without
> acknowledgment.
I would like to differ on this one. In my book, Farrakhan is not an honorary
leader. Everything about him is hatred and anger. IMO, African Americans are so
in need for inspiring leadership that many confuse Farrakhan with a hero. The
black American community, in my opinion, is similar to any other community in
that it is a blend of people who are fair and balanced, as well as those who are
not. Every race, at one time or another, has experienced slavery and
discrimination. And virtually every race, blacks included, have been responsible
for perpetrating these evils against others (as in tribalism in Africa). I am
tempted to say that there are numerous causes of the black community that have
been supported by many white people, e.g slavery abolition, civil rights
movement, anti-KKK forces, all of which include numerous white people. As an
oversight, oversight, Farakhan also failed to see the fact that the White people
voted to give blacks the right to vote, to set up Affirmative Action, Equal
Employment Opportunity programs, and so many other programs. For Farrakhan to
characterize all white people as the enemy of blacks is a massive over statement
that is absolutely ridiculous.
> As I said before, I think I can understand why you feel the way you do
> and admire your honesty, if anything else, but I think you need to look
> at the whole picture before you judge the man.
I do not think you need to look at the big picture to judge the man's
endless self-righteousness. Look at his life-syle of the rich and famous, his
mansion and big houses in Chicago, his merceds Benzes, and tell me if he is
fighting for a just cause. Somehow, I think Omar M'bai has a point.
C'mon lat, are you a black Moslem or just an admirer?
Regards,
Moe S. Jallow
=============================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 14:30:16 -0400 (EDT)
From: Gunjur@aol.com
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Cheaper ways to call home/send money
Message-ID: <970412143008_84470836@emout19.mail.aol.com>
Hi everyone,
A Gambian-owned company provides two wonderful services:
1. This Maryland based company will process and send money home for a $5.00
processing fee and an additional charge of 5.00 per $100 sent. They
guarantee delivery in Gambia within 24 hours.They have a man on the ground in
Gambia who will hand-deliver the money to the recipient.The exchange rate is
based on the daily bank rate.
2. They market a pre-paid phone card that gives you 18 minutes of talk time
to Gambia on a $10 card. This card can be used for calls World-wide and gives
the following minutes per $10 card:
COUNTRY: MINUTES/$10 card
Gambia 18
Ghana 14
Guinea 16
Ivory Coast 13
Senegal 16
Jamaica 20
Germany 23.8
Sweden 25
Norway 19 Great rates too numerous to list here.
Contact the company at the addresses below for either or both of these
services.They are also looking for dealers for their phone card. I have tried
both of these services and have been very pleased. The phone cards have made
untold differences on the amount of my long distance phone bill and they do
all that they promise on the money remittances:
MB International Bussiness
717 South Belgrade Road,
Silver Spring, Maryland
20902
Ph: (301)593-4297 (301)439-8824
Fax(301)754-1781 (DEMBO SINGHATEH)
(SERIGNE OMAR FYE)
Check it out! Jabou Joh
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 12:04:51 PDT
From: "ebrima drameh" <njogou@hotmail.com>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: RE:observer editorial-justice delayed is justice denied
Message-ID: <199704121904.MAA03007@f14.hotmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
I am writing in relation to The Daily Observer's editotorial of the 1st of April
1997.In this article headed 'Justice Delayed Is Justice Denied',it was reported
that one of the High Court Judges suggested that lawyers start paying costs for
the delays caused in litigation proceedings.Personally ,I find this comment
rather absurd.
The main reason being that the main cause of whatever the delays is usually not
the fault of the lawyers. It is true though that there are a number of
unnecessary delays.It should be noted that most of the judicial officers
preciding over matters in The Gambia are in fact non-gambians.This in itself
makes the tenure of office of the various judicial officers very unstable.There
are several instances where a trial has come to a complete halt because the
preciding judge or magistrate has been recalled by his/her country of
origin,Sierra Leone,Zambia, Ghana or Nigeria.
Most of these officers are on technical assistance to The Gambia and are
therefore not bound to carry out their duties deligently nor is there a
guarantee that they will stay on for a reasonable period. It is about time that
gambians be appointed to these posts.We should learn from the recent past. In
1989 following the rupture of the Senegambia Confederation,President Abdou Diouf
uncermoniously recalled his forces without even having the courtesy of informing
the concerned authorities.Senegalese gendarmes who where guarding The State
House at the time left giving only few minutes notice not even enough to
command a reinforcement of gambian soldiers.I see no reason why such could not
reoccur-this time in the judicial system thereby bringing the entire system to a
standstill which has alot of implications such as accrueing high costs when it
comes to judgement or even keeping innocent people in jail who were due out.
The appointment of gambians to these posts will also enhance the efficacy of the
understanding of proceeding by judges especially in areas such as land law.The
land tenure system in The Gambia is rather complex and needs a thorough
understanding of functions and positions such as that of the alkalo and that of
the chief.Also the problem of interpretation will be minimised because gambian
judges will atleast be able to understand one of the local languages.
I hope that this article does not cast any shadow of xenophobia as I have no
such feeling.It is simply in the best interest of the country, that the judicial
sytem which is a very fundamental branch of the three arms of government, not be
left in its entirety in the hands of foreigners who know very little about the
day to day way of life of the average gambian from where issues turn out to be
ligations in court.It is disheartening to know that sensitive posts like that of
The Chief Justice,Director Of Public Prosecution and ALL the High Court Judges
are filled in by non-gambians.
EBRIMA DRAMEH (NJOGOU@HOTMAIL.COM)
THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCKINGHAM
HUNTER STREET,
BUCKINGHAM MK18 1EG
ENGLAND.
---------------------------------------------------------
Get Your *Web-Based* Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
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------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 14:57:41 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Cheaper ways to call home/send money
Message-ID: <9704121857.AA33312@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Jabou wrote:
> Hi everyone,
> A Gambian-owned company provides two wonderful services:
>
> 1. This Maryland based company will process and send money home for a $5.00
> processing fee and an additional charge of 5.00 per $100 sent. They
> guarantee delivery in Gambia within 24 hours.They have a man on the ground in
> Gambia who will hand-deliver the money to the recipient.The exchange rate is
> based on the daily bank rate.
Let's see, suppose I need to send $500.00, then I would have to pay $30.00 ($5.00
+ $25.00). Sounds reasonable...but here, in Atlanta, one can send ANY amount for
a flat rate of $15.00, also within 24-48 hours. In some cases, one can even
arrange for home delivery. Nonetheless, your information may be helpful to those
who live up North.
Thanks.
Regards,
Moe S. Jallow
================================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 12:32:58 PDT
From: "ebrima drameh" <njogou@hotmail.com>
To: GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU
Cc: GUNJUR@AOL.COM
Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
Message-ID: <199704121932.MAA08753@f14.hotmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
>Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 10:28:12 -0400 (EDT)
>From: Gunjur@aol.com
>To: GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List
<gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
>Subject: Re: Dual Citizenship And The Right To Vote For Gambians Living Abroad
>
>Latir wrote that Babanding Sissoho holds a Gambian diplomatic passport. Can
>anyone tell me why this is so? or is that a naive question? I' d like to
>think that there is a valid reason.
>Jabou
I THINK THAT THERE IS NOTHING BAD ABOUT A GOVERNMENT ISSUEING A DIPLOMATIC
PASSPORT TO A FOREIGNER.THIS IS A GOOD INCENTIVE ESPECIALLY FOR BUSINESSMEN WHO
CREATE JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR GAMBIANS.
DIPLOMATIC PASSPORTS ARE NOT ONLY MEANT FOR DIPLOMATS AS THE NAME IMPLIES.
IF YOU MAY RECALL, SIR DAWDA JAWARA DURING THE AFRICAN-AFRICAN AMERICAN SUMMIT
IN HOSTED IN GABON, TO THE ASTONISHMENT OF THE AUDIENCE WHICH INCLUDED A NUMBER
OF AFRICAN HEADS OF STATE, HANDED A GAMBIAN PASSPORT TO REV. LEON SULLIVAN.
THE PASSPORT BEING AN INCENTIVE DOES NOT HOWEVER MEAN THAT IT SHOULD BE DISHED
OUT TO EVERY TOM,DICK AND HARRY.THE ISSUE IS OPEN TO DEBATE:HAS BABANDING
SISSOKHO DONE ENOUGH FOR GAMBIAN BUSINESS TO WARRANT A GAMBIAN DIPLOMATIC
PASSPORT?
EBRIMA DRAMEH.
---------------------------------------------------------
Get Your *Web-Based* Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
---------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 21:34:13 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd:NIGERIA-POLITICS: Abacha's Cheer-leaders
Message-ID: <19970412203607.AAA8026@LOCALNAME>
---forwarded mail START---
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copyright 1997 InterPress Service, all rights reserved.
Worldwide distribution via the APC networks.
*** 08-Apr-97 ***
Title: NIGERIA-POLITICS: Abacha's Cheer-leaders Wave Their Banners
By Remi Oyo
LAGOS, Apr 8 (IPS) -- A growing band of cheer-leaders calling for
General Sani Abacha to contest the 1998 elections are wasting no
time in preparing Nigeria for the military leader's stay in power.
One group calling itself the National Mobilisation and
Persuasion Committee, has started an active media campaign to
market the 53-year-old Abacha as the first Nigerian military ruler
to become a civilian president.
The Committee in a two-page advertisement entitled 'General
Sani Abacha for '98 Presidency', which appeared in a national
newspaper on Sunday, extolled the virtues of the military ruler.
''Gen. Sani Abacha is the leader Nigeria deserves at this
period and he has demonstrated during the last 41 months that he
has the capacity to propel Nigeria safely into the twenty-first
century,'' the advert said.
''Whether 'Abachaphobias' like it or not, rarely in our recent
history has a leader -- military or civilian-- appeared on the
national arena and displayed such compelling leadership, personal
charisma and dedication by refusing to compromise with corrupt and
retrogressive forces,'' it continued.
The Committee's headquarter is situated in the federal capital
territory of Abuja in the home of controversial businessman Godwin
Daboh.
It claims to have members in at least 13 of Nigeria's states.
The organisation also has sub-committees to handle strategic
planning, publicity and there is reportedly a European sub-
committee based in London.
According to the Committee, there are several reasons why
Abacha should stay in office. These include, ''continuity, the
restoration of professionalism in the armed forces and the
unrelenting crusade against corruption''.
Although Abacha has not recognised the Committee, Daboh says,
it appears that the organisation has taken its cue from a recent
statement by David Attah, Abacha's Chief Press Secretary.
In a rare interview with the government-owned Radio Nigeria,
Attah noted that the debate on whether Abacha should return to the
barracks or not is ''very interesting...''.
''But I want to believe that what is expected of Nigerians
actually is for them to exert sufficient pressure on the Head of
State to continue in a civilian setting,'' Attah said.
Not all Nigerians however are happy with the Committee's show.
Human rights groups, the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO)
and others have spoken against the calls by the pro-Abacha groups.
Gani Fawehinmi, lawyer and outspoken opponent of the military
regime said in an interview published here on Monday in 'Tell
Magazine': ''The whole (transition) is designed day by day to suit
the idiosyncrasies, the whims and caprices of one man, because it
is that man who wants to transform his military dictatorship into
a civil regime''.
Fawehinmi decried the fact that ''... men who have occupied
important positions in this country, who have adjudicated over the
issues affecting the lives and property of Nigerians have come out
to support this farce, this fraud. It beats me hollow''.
Another group waving the pompoms for Abacha is the Committee
for Sustainable Democracy based in Apapa, a rich suburb in Lagos.
It claims to have some 32 million registered voters who have
endorsed Abacha for President.
According to this organisation, ''...its mission is borne out
of genuine patriotism and commitment to see our nation get out of
its political doldrums''.
Supported by two businessmen from the eastern part of the
country, the Committee for Sustainable Democracy said in its
newspaper advert that it supports ''a diarchy -- rule by military
and civilians -- as the best way of preventing incessant coups and
counter-coups.''
In an interview with IPS, political scientist Isha'uq Akintola
said that the pro-Abacha campaign is reminiscent of the
Association for A Better Nigeria, which however failed to keep
former military leader Ibrahim Babangida in power.
The ''political class'' in Nigeria, he says, backs the leader
who will provide the most opportunities for them.
''What is happening is not new. They (Nigeria's political
class) did it for Babangida, asked him to stay on, not for the
love they had for him, but because they stood to gain from that
arrangement.
''The political class is sadly beginning to come to terms with
the fact that the big boss (Abacha) is the contestant. They have
realised perhaps to their greatest chagrin that he is not the
disinterested umpire they thought he was, but the major
contestant,'' Akintola said. (end/ips/ro/pm97)
Origin: Harare/NIGERIA-POLITICS/
----
[c] 1997, InterPress Third World News Agency (IPS)
All rights reserved
May not be reproduced, reprinted or posted to any system or
service outside of the APC networks, without specific
permission from IPS. This limitation includes distribution
via Usenet News, bulletin board systems, mailing lists,
print media and broadcast. For information about cross-
posting, send a message to <online@ips.org>. For
information about print or broadcast reproduction please
contact the IPS coordinator at <online@ips.org>.
---forwarded mail END---
*******************************************************
http://home3.inet.tele.dk/mcamara
**"Start by doing what's necessary, then what's
possible and suddenly you are doing the impossible"***
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 21:34:12 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Fwd: Beijing Followup #85
Message-ID: <19970412203607.AAC8026@LOCALNAME>
---forwarded mail START---
Date: 12/04/97 13:22
Subject: Fwd: Beijing Followup #85
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
GLOBALNET 85
International Women's Tribune Centre, 777 United Nations Plaza, New
York, NY 10017, Tel: (1-212) 687-8633. Fax: (1-212) 661-2704 . e-mail:
iwtc@igc.apc.org
WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO SHARE THIS INFORMATION WITH OTHER NETWORKS.
April 7, 1997
by Caroline Lambert
Act Now: Ways You Can Help Women Move into International
Decision-Making!
Preparing for next year's Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) has
already begun: The 42nd session of the CSW (CSW42) will meet in New
York, March 1998, to review four Platform for Action (PFA) issues: human
rights, violence against women, the Girl-Chi ld, and
conflict-resolution. Increasingly, there are a number of openings for
NGO participation at these meetings: on the Expert Panels during the
formal proceedings of CSW; as a co-host of the evening dialogues; at
lunchtime seminars; and through interve ntions in the formal meetings
(this year 3-5 speaking slots were made available to NGOs, regardless of
their level of consultative status). Because of the issues under review
next year, the women's human rights caucus is already engaged in a
planning process to make NGO participation in CSW42 more effective.
Among the ideas put forward is better advance coordination amongst NGOs
who will be sending representatives to CSW42, so that their presence
will be more effective and representative. Because 1998 marks the 50th
anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights women's human rights
groups are exploring how to use CSW42 as part of the global campaign for
women's human rights. The Center for Women's Global Leadership is acting
as the coordinating body (fax : (1-908) 932 1180; e-mail:
<cwgl@igc.apc.org>).
Action on the PFA: % The Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW),
serving as the Secretariat of CSW, is expected to convene expert group
meetings on the four themes. Check the UN women's website, WomenWatch
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch> for the announcement of dates. P apers
presented at these meetings will be available on WomenWatch. % It is
unclear what sort of mechanism will be used in the 5 year review of the
Beijing PFA in the year 2000. Nevertheless, many NGOs are devising
their own mechanisms for review, focused on specific issues (ie, human
rights) as well as regional and nati onal monitoring activities. The
April edition of IWTC's The Tribune contains information on some of
these projects, and the Global Faxnet will continue to report on similar
initiatives.
Lobby for a Woman as New Commmissioner for Human Rights: UN
Secretary-General Kofi Annan is soon to announce the nomination of a new
Commissioner for Human Rights. Names of several possible candidates are
now circulating (the New York Times Sunday March 1 6 indicated that Mary
Robinson, President of Ireland is interested in the position) and women
are urged to take this critical opportunity to lobby for the appointment
of a woman as a High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Center for
Women's Global Leader ship is compiling an international list of
suggested candidates, and seeks names from the global women's movement
(Contact CWGL, details above). Women, Law and Development International
(WLDI) is coordinating a campaign to support the nomination of Sonia
Picado. Ms Picado was the Director of the Inter-American Institutute for
Human Rights, the only female judge on the Inter-American Court of Human
Rights, and in 1993 was receipient of the UN Human Rights Award. For
the past three years she has been Ambas sador from Costa Rica to the US.
Contact WLDI immediately for further information, or a copy of a
pre-prepared letter (Fax: (1-202) 463 7480; E-mail: <wld@wld.org>), or
fax the Secretary-General to indicate your support of the nomination on
(1-212) 963 21 55..
Make Women Delegates to UNESCO Sponsored International Adult Education
Conference: the International Gender and Education Office (IGEO) of the
International Council on Adult Education (ICAE) is urging women to
presure their governments to ensure that wome n are on the delegations
to the July 14-18, 1997 UNESCO sponsored Fifth International Conference
on Adult Education. Contact your government with recommended women. The
IGEO would like to compile a list of women attending the conference, and
will faciltat e the women's caucus. Contact IGEO, Colonia 2069, 11200
Montevideo, Uruguay; Tel: (598-2) 40 68 94; Fax: (598-2)49 23 43;
E-mail: <repem@chasque.apc.org>.
Surf the WINK wave: Women, Ink, a unique one-stop shopping source for
women-and-development books can now be found on the World Wide Web
<http://www.womenink.org>. The web page provides information on the
newest and best books on women and development, a nd contains an easy
order form for titles from our just-published 1997 catalogue.
---forwarded mail END---
*******************************************************
http://home3.inet.tele.dk/mcamara
**"Start by doing what's necessary, then what's
possible and suddenly you are doing the impossible"***
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 22:38:53 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: "GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU" <GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU>
Subject: Re: observer editorial-justice delayed is justice denied
Message-ID: <334FE4CD.2F36@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
MR.DRAMMEH!!
YOU ARE BOTH CLEAR AND RIGHT! KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK DOWN THERE!!
REGARDS BASSSSSS!
This in itself
> makes the tenure of office of the various judicial officers very unstable.There
> are several instances where a trial has come to a complete halt because the
> preciding judge or magistrate has been recalled by his/her country of
> origin,Sierra Leone,Zambia, Ghana or Nigeria.
>
> Most of these officers are on technical assistance to The Gambia and are
> therefore not bound to carry out their duties deligently nor is there a
> guarantee that they will stay on for a reasonable period. It is about time that
> gambians be appointed to these posts.We should learn from the recent past. In
> 1989 following the rupture of the Senegambia Confederation,President Abdou Diouf
> uncermoniously recalled his forces without even having the courtesy of informing
> the concerned authorities.Senegalese gendarmes who where guarding The State
> House at the time left giving only few minutes notice not even enough to
> command a reinforcement of gambian soldiers.I see no reason why such could not
> reoccur-this time in the judicial system thereby bringing the entire system to a
> standstill which has alot of implications such as accrueing high costs when it
> comes to judgement or even keeping innocent people in jail who were due out.
>
> The appointment of gambians to these posts will also enhance the efficacy of the
> understanding of proceeding by judges especially in areas such as land law.The
> land tenure system in The Gambia is rather complex and needs a thorough
> understanding of functions and positions such as that of the alkalo and that of
> the chief.Also the problem of interpretation will be minimised because gambian
> judges will atleast be able to understand one of the local languages.
>
> I hope that this article does not cast any shadow of xenophobia as I have no
> such feeling.It is simply in the best interest of the country, that the judicial
> sytem which is a very fundamental branch of the three arms of government, not be
> left in its entirety in the hands of foreigners who know very little about the
> day to day way of life of the average gambian from where issues turn out to be
> ligations in court.It is disheartening to know that sensitive posts like that of
> The Chief Justice,Director Of Public Prosecution and ALL the High Court Judges
> are filled in by non-gambians.
>
> EBRIMA DRAMEH (NJOGOU@HOTMAIL.COM)
> THE UNIVERSITY OF BUCKINGHAM
> HUNTER STREET,
> BUCKINGHAM MK18 1EG
> ENGLAND.
>
> ---------------------------------------------------------
> Get Your *Web-Based* Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
> ---------------------------------------------------------
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 22:20:57 +0300
From: BASS KOLLEH DRAMMEH <KOLLS567@QATAR.NET.QA>
To: "GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU" <GAMBIA-L@U.WASHINGTON.EDU>
Subject: Re: Fwd: Honourable Louis Farrakhan a Gambia citizen.(Forwarding)
Message-ID: <334FE099.104C@QATAR.NET.QA>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Gunjur@aol.com wrote:
>
> Omar,
> I agree whole heartedly about Farakhan.He is not a good muslim by virtue of
> the violence and hatred he preaches, as well as the fact that he is what is
> known as an innovator in Islam.The nation of Islam as a whole do not practice
> Islam according to the sunnah of the prophet(SAS).
> Jabou.
JABBOU!!
IF THE NATION OF ISLAM IS NOT FOLLOWING ISLAM 'PROPERLY' ACCORDING TO
YOUR DEFINITION,THEN HOW DO YOU APPRAISE THE ISLAM THAT IS IN IRAN OR
,TO COME CLOSER HOME,THE Ahmadiyans IN THE GAMBIA?
REGARDS BASSS!!
--
SZDDˆð'3Af¨
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 22:23:31 +2000
From: momodou.camara@post3.tele.dk (Camara, Momodou)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: SENEGAL-POLITICS: France Takes Lead, Southern Rebellion Reheats
Message-ID: <19970412212526.AAC10064@LOCALNAME>
---forwarded mail START---
Copyright 1997 InterPress Service, all rights reserved.
Worldwide distribution via the APC networks.
*** 07-Apr-97 ***
Title: SENEGAL-POLITICS: France Takes Lead, Southern Rebellion Reheats
By David Hecht
ZIGUINCHOR, SENEGAL, Apr 7 (IPS) -- Father August Diamacoune
Senghor preaches tolerance and understanding until the subject
turns to his life long goal, the liberation of the Casamance.
Then the old priest's eyes burn as he accuses the Senegalese
government of lies and deception, the Senegalese army of senseless
killing and the former French coloniser of a negligence of
historical proportions.
Though under house arrest in Ziguinchor, the provincial
capital, Diamacoune leads both the Catholic mass and a band of
separatist rebels. And since the Mouvement des Forces
Democratiques de la Casmance (MFDC) began its attacks in 1982, the
French, with military bases in Senegal, have quietly assisted the
Senegalese army in putting down the rebellion.
But France's policy changed in March. Four of the rebel
priest's inner circle were escorted by the French ambassador to
Senegal on their first official trip to Paris, courtesy of the
French air force.
With a cease-fire having more or less held for a year, France
was hoping to start brokering a lasting settlement to the
conflict. Instead, fighting broke out while the rebels leaders
were away.
Rebels reportedly attacked an army camp beside the village of
Boudiediete, blew up one patrol near Babunda and ambushed another
near the village of Djirack. In the counterattacks the army
claimed it then killed dozens of rebels.
Many observers agree that the French initiative sparked off the
fighting. But they disagree on why. Some say rebels on the ground
were expressing their displeasure at being excluded from the
negotiations in France. Others claim the Senegalese army provoked
the rebel attacks, because they do not want France to turn from
backer into broker.
The French action comes at a time when France seems to be
loosening its grip on other former colonies and close allies in
Africa, particularly those in Central Africa. The new leaders in
Rwanda overthrew the French-backed government in 1994 with the
support of Anglophone allies. And the same may soon happen in
Zaire.
Though there is little risk of losing its foothold in Senegal,
a peaceful Casamance could strengthen France's stature on the
continent. Except for the conflict in the Southern region which is
cut from the rest of Senegal by the enclave of The Gambia, Senegal
stands as a showcase for effective French co-operation.
The two countries have maintained close economic and political
ties since independence in 1960. Most Senegalese are impoverished,
but the nation boasts moderate growth and at least a nominal
multiparty democracy with no coup d'etat in 37 years of
independence.
But analysts question whether France can really be effective in
resolving the conflict. The MFDC are distrustful of Paris' close
relationship with the Senegalese government. A Senegalese concern
is the MFDC claim that the former coloniser still has jurisdiction
over the Casamance. The rebels say they want France -- not Senegal --
to grant the region independence.
Rarely able to speak to journalists, Diamacoune last week
gushed with historical data to support his unlikely claim: ''The
Casamance has not yet been decolonised as France never legally
incorporated it into the Senegalese colony that gained
independence in 1960,'' he says, challenging anyone to come
forward with an historical document that shows otherwise.
The French began administering other parts of Senegal in 1658.
But it only got Casamance from Portugal in 1888, ''on Sunday, the
22nd of April, at 8:07am,'' Diamacoune says.
Diamacoune hopes French president Jacques Chirac takes a more
''flexible approach'' to the MFDC's claim than did his
predecessor. Francois Mitterand's Parti Socialiste (PS) are ''the
parents'' of the governing Senegalese PS, he says. ''Mitterand's
approach was simply to ignore us.''
But analysts say that Chirac too has established a close
relationship with Senegal's rulers and he is unlikely to risk
upsetting one of France's closest African allies.
Few also believe the mostly arid north will never let go of
what the Senegalese refer to as 'the garden of Senegal'. Moreover,
many Casamancais say they wouldn't want it to.
''We would rather fight for fairer integration than a separate
state,'' says a Casamance born school teacher. ''Our population is
only around one million. Such a small country could never
develop.''
What popular support there is for the MFDC seems more a
response to the government's neglect of the region than a desire
for nationhood. Many locals are bitter that the provincial
administrators mostly come from the Wolof-dominated north, who
they say have been nepotistic and corrupt. The majority of
Senegal's people belong to the Wolof ethnic group.
The MFDC is widely considered to have only brought further
hardship. They have often been accused of armed hold-ups, cattle
rustling and pillaging villages. Poverty has increased as
villagers won't plant their crops or travel to market for fear of
being attacked. And the once prosperous tourist resorts have been
mostly empty after four French tourists disappeared two years ago.
MFDC members believe that the Casamancais have been fighting
for their liberty for over 400 years and to stop now would be a
betrayal of their ancestors. From the time of the slave trade, the
inhabitants on both sides of the Guinea Bissau/Casamance border
have been revolting against foreign domination.
Older MFDC rebels began their fighting careers in the 1960s
aiding the Guinea Bissauian war of independence. And Bissuiains
are now repaying them.
Many of the MFDC's arms are leftovers from the neighbouring war
and the MFD are said to have their main bases on the Bissau side
of the border.
The Senegalese army has recently negotiated a ''right of
pursuit'' agreement with the Bissau government. But after the
attack, the rebels quickly blend in with the locals. The fighters
are renowned for the traps they have set for the Senegalese
forces.
But Diamacoune denies that the MFDC has been breaking the cease-
fires of recent years. ''Soldiers, eager for promotion, provoke
attacks and then exaggerate the number of rebels they kill.''
Regarding accusations that the MFDC attacks civilians,
Daimacoune admits that sometimes his men have been so hungry they
have had to demand food. But he says his men would never terrorise
the people they are trying to liberate.
The army supports bandits who masquerade as the MFDC, says the
rebel priest. The MFDC have at times caught them and turned them
over to the army. But the army just lets them go again.
Other times, attacks attributed to the rebellion may in fact be
feuds between villages and rival ethnic groups. One Casamancais
complains that ''if the Casmanance finally shirk off outside
oppressors we would probably start fighting amongst ourselves.''
(end/ips/dh/pm97)
Origin: Harare/SENEGAL-POLITICS/
----
---forwarded mail END---
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 17:15:51 -0400 (EDT)
From: iscorr@total.net (Ebrima Sama Corr)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: New member
Message-ID: <v01540b00af7566bc70f7@[205.236.86.149]>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Hello,
Could you please add Michael J. Gomez to The Gambia-L. E-mail: nahak@juno.com
Thank you
Ebrima Sama Corr
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 17:46:57 -0400 (EDT)
From: mjallow@st6000.sct.edu (Modou Jallow)
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Subject: Mobuto's Last Day(s)....
Message-ID: <9704122146.AA31452@st6000.sct.edu>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Reading through the article below, I can't help but wonderwhy Africans love the
grip of power in such a senseless manner. Eventhough he knows that his days are
numbered, he doesn't seem to feel threatened. Even the Americans who put him
there are now pushing his back to exit fast. With all the billions that he has,
what would it take for him to just leave?
I can't wait for the day that he's overthrown. I can see his people ravaging his
monumnts of himself and burning his statues while chanting in the streets of
Kinshasha. Will he be the last "cult" president after Toure, Amin and Bokassa or
will there be more?
******************************************************************************
Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko, vowing to resist rebel pressures, defiantly
rejected their ultimatum for him to resign or go into exile by Sunday. He also
issued harsh words for rebel leader Laurent Kabila, calling him nothing more than
a "bandit chief."
"I am the chief of state," Mobutu said. Mobutu made his comments Saturday before
meeting with his new prime minister, Likulia Bolongo, the third person to head
the government in less than two weeks.
Rebels have captured almost half of Zaire in their seven-month campaign to topple
Mobutu, an authoritarian who has ruled the nation for nearly 32 years. Rebels
have threatened to overrun the capital of Kinshasa if Mobutu doesn't step down.
The deadline ends Sunday.
Asked if he felt threatened by Kabila's approach, Mobutu said, "He's still 300
kilometers (185 miles) away. ... You can't take everything he says seriously.
This evening he could say he's at Mobutu's door."
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coutesy of CNN
Regards,
Moe S. Jallow
===========================================================================
mjallow@sct.edu mjallow@hayes.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 18:37:58 -0400 (EDT)
From: Ancha Bala-Gaye u <bala7500@mach1.wlu.ca>
To: gambia-l@u.washington.edu
Cc: "GAMBIA-L: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List" <gambia-l@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Nigeria: The Ogoni Oppression Report (fwd)
Message-ID: <Pine.3.89.9704121859.A25861-0100000@mach1.wlu.ca>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
I have to say that as a business company, Shells objective is to make
profit. If they show no ethical considerations to the environment or the
people they're affecting, then I really think that it's up to the
Nigerian government to do something about it, as the duty they owe the
nigerian people. being the fourth largest oil producing company in the
world means that shell has more to loose, hence willing to make the
changes the governments demands. this just goes to show how much the
givernment really cares about the people.
I cannot even begin to understand how he could have a cheering group, or
why people would want him back into power ( did some-one say that a
majority of the population was on his side??). maybe being on the outside
makes it easier to judge and not really understand what is happening
since the news we hear could be biased. maybe it's the same way that
people here cannot understand some of the things that we do at home...like
when a neighbour smacks you cause you were bad and takes
you to your mum who smacks you some more.
Of course when we're young we don't appreciate the interferance but when
we grow older we think they were looking out for our best interest ( some
of them anyway). Just a thought, since I can't understand why he would be
voted back into power.
Ancha.
------------------------------
End of GAMBIA-L Digest 63
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gambia-l: LOG9704C - Digest 63
